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BS EN 60099-5:2013 Surge arresters - Selection and application recommendations, 2013
- 30284625-VOR.pdf [Go to Page]
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 4 General principles for the application of surge arresters
- 5 Surge arrester fundamentals and applications issues [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Evolution of surge protection equipment
- 5.2 Different types and designs and their electrical and mechanical characteristics [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 General
- 5.2.2 Metal-oxide arresters without gaps according to IEC 60099-4
- 5.2.3 Metal-oxide surge arresters with internal series gaps according to IEC 60099-6
- 5.2.4 Externally gapped line arresters (EGLA) according to IEC 60099-8:2011
- 5.3 Installation considerations for arresters [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 High-voltage station arresters
- 5.3.2 Distribution arresters
- 5.3.3 Line surge arresters (LSA)
- 6 Insulation coordination and surge arrester applications [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- 6.2 Insulation coordination overview [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 General
- 6.2.2 IEC insulation coordination procedure
- 6.2.3 Overvoltages
- 6.2.4 Line insulation coordination: Arrester Application Practices
- 6.2.5 Substation insulation coordination: Arrester application practices
- 6.2.6 Insulation coordination studies
- 6.3 Selection of arresters [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 General
- 6.3.2 General procedure for the selection of surge arresters
- 6.3.3 Selection of line surge arresters, LSA
- 6.3.4 Selection of arresters for cable protection
- 6.3.5 Selection of arresters for distribution systems – special attention
- 6.3.6 Selection of UHV arresters
- 6.4 Normal and abnormal service conditions [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 Normal service condition
- 6.4.2 Abnormal service conditions
- 7 Surge arresters for special applications [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Surge arresters for transformer neutrals [Go to Page]
- 7.1.1 General
- 7.1.2 Surge arresters for fully insulated transformer neutrals
- 7.1.3 Surge arresters for neutrals of transformers with non-uniform insulation
- 7.2 Surge arresters between phases
- 7.3 Surge arresters for rotating machines
- 7.4 Surge arresters in parallel [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 General
- 7.4.2 Combining different designs of arresters
- 7.5 Surge arresters for capacitor switching
- 7.6 Surge arresters for series capacitor banks
- 8 Asset management of surge arresters [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- 8.2 Managing surge arresters in a power grid [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 Asset database
- 8.2.2 Technical specifications
- 8.2.3 Strategic spares
- 8.2.4 Transportation and storage
- 8.2.5 Commissioning
- 8.3 Maintenance [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 General
- 8.3.2 Polluted arrester housing
- 8.3.3 Coating of arrester housings
- 8.3.4 Inspection of disconnectors on surge arresters
- 8.3.5 Line surge arresters
- 8.4 Performance and diagnostic tools
- 8.5 End of life [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 General
- 8.5.2 GIS arresters
- 8.6 Disposal and recycling
- Annex A (informative)Determination of temporary overvoltagesdue to earth faults
- Annex B (informative) Current practice
- Annex C (informative) Arrester modelling techniques for studies involvinginsulation coordination and energy requirements
- Annex D (informative) Diagnostic indicators of metal-oxide surge arresters in service
- Annex E (informative) Typical data needed from arrester manufacturersfor proper selection of surge arresters
- Annex F (informative) Typical maximum residual voltages for metal-oxide arresterswithout gaps according to IEC 60099-4
- Annex G (informative) Steepness reduction of incoming surge with additional lineterminal surge capacitance
- Annex H (informative) End of life and replacement of old gapped SiC-arresters
- Bibliography
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – GIS arresters of three mechanical/one electrical column (middle) and one column (left) design and current path of the three mechanical/one electrical column design (right)
- Figure 2 – Typical deadfront arrester
- Figure 3 – Internally gapped metal-oxide surge arrester designs
- Figure 4 – Components of an EGLA acc. to IEC 60099-8
- Figure 5 – Examples of UHV and HV arresters with grading and corona rings
- Figure 6 – Same type of arrester mounted on a pedestal (left), suspended from an earthed steel structure (middle) or suspended from a line conductor (right
- Figure 7 – Typical arrangement of a 420-kV arrester
- Figure 8 – Installations without earth-mat (distribution systems)
- Figure 9 – Installations with earth-mat (high-voltage substations)
- Figure 10 – Definition of mechanical loads according to IEC 60099-4
- Figure 11 – Distribution arrester with disconnector and insulating bracket
- Figure 12 – Examples of good and poor earthingprinciples for distribution arresters
- Figure 13 – Typical voltages and duration example for an efficiently earthed system
- Figure 14 – Typical phase-to-earth overvoltages encountered in power systems
- Figure 15 – Arrester Voltage-Current Characteristics
- Figure 16 – Direct strike to a phase conductor with LSA
- Figure 17 – Strike to a shield wire or tower with LSA
- Figure 18 – Typical procedure for a surge arrester insulation coordination study
- Figure 19 – Flow diagrams for standard selection of surge arrester
- Figure 20 – Examples of arrester TOV capability
- Figure 21 – Flow diagram for the selection of NGLA
- Figure 22 – Flow diagram for the selection of EGLA
- Figure 23 – Common neutral configurations
- Figure 24 – Typical configurations for arresters connected phase-to-phaseand phase-to-ground
- Figure A.1 – Earth fault factor k on a base of X0/X1 , for R1/X1 = R1= 0
- Figure A.2 – Relationship between R0/X1 and X0/X1 for constant values of earth fault factor k where R1 = 0
- Figure A.3 – Relationship between R0/X1 and X0/X1 for constant values of earth fault factor k where R1 = 0,5 X1
- Figure A.4 – Relationship between R0/X1 and X0/X1 for constant values of earth fault factor k where R1 = X1
- Figure A.5 – Relationship between R0/X1 and X0/X1 for constant valuesof earth fault factor k where R1 = 2X1
- Figure C.1 – Schematic sketch of a typical arrester installation
- Figure C.2 – Increase in residual voltage as functionof virtual current front time
- Figure C.3 – Arrester model for insulation coordination studies – fast- front overvoltages and preliminary calculation (Option 1)
- Figure C.4 – Arrester model for insulation coordination studies – fast- front overvoltages and preliminary calculation (Option 2)
- Figure C.5 – Arrester model for insulation coordination studies – slow-front overvoltages.
- Figure D.1 – Typical leakage current of a non-linear metal-oxide resistor in laboratory conditions
- Figure D.2 – Typical leakage currents of arresters in service conditions
- Figure D.3 – Typical voltage-current characteristics for non-linear metal-oxide resistors
- Figure D.4 – Typical normalized voltage dependence at +20 °C
- Figure D.5 – Typical normalized temperature dependence at Uc
- Figure D.6 – Influence on total leakage current by increase in resistive leakage current
- Figure D.7 – Measured voltage and leakage current and calculated resistive and capacitive currents (V = 6,3 kV r.m.s)
- Figure D.8 – Remaining current after compensation by capacitive current at Uc
- Figure D.9 – Error in the evaluation of the leakage current third harmonic for differentphase angles of system voltage third harmonic, considering various capacitances and voltage-current characteristics of non-linear metal-oxide resistors
- Figure D.10 – Typical information for conversion to "standard"operating voltage conditions
- Figure D.11 – Typical information for conversion to "standard"ambient temperature conditions
- Figure G.1 – Surge voltage waveforms at various distancesfrom strike location (0,0 km) due to corona
- Figure G.2 – Case 1: EMTP Model: Thevenin equivalent source,line (Z,c) & station bus (Z,c) & Cap (Cs)
- Figure G.3 – Case 2: Capacitor Voltage charge via line Z: u(t) = 2xUs x (1 – exp[- t/(ZxC])
- Figure G.4 – EMTP model
- Figure G.5 – Simulated surge voltages at the line-station bus interface
- Figure G.6 – Simulated Surge Voltages at the Transformer
- Figure G.7 – EMTP Model
- Figure G.8 – Simulated surge voltages at the line-station bus interface
- Figure G.9 – Simulated surge voltages at the transformer
- Figure H.1 – Internal SiC-arrester stack
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – Minimum mechanical requirements (for porcelain-housed arresters)
- Table 2 – Arrester classification for surge arresters
- Table 3 – Definition of factor A in formulas (15) to (17) for various overhead lines
- Table 4 – Examples for protective zones calculated by formula (17) for open-air substations
- Table 5 – Example of the condition for calculating lightningcurrent duty of EGLA in 77 kV transmission lines
- Table 6 – Probability of insulator flashover in Formula (19)
- Table D.1 – Summary of diagnostic methods
- Table D.2 – Properties of on-site leakage current measurement methods
- Table E.1 – Arrester data needed for the selection of surge arresters
- Table F.1 – Residual voltages for 20 000 A and 10 000 A arrestersin per unit of rated voltage
- Table F.2 – Residual voltages for 5 000 A, 2 500 A and 1 500 Aarresters in per unit of rated voltage
- Table G.1 – Cs impact on steepness ratio fs and steepness Sn
- Table G.2 Change in coordination withstand voltage, Ucw [Go to Page]