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PD CEN/TR 16749:2014 Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Classification of Defects and Imperfections in High Pressure, Low Pressure and Gravity Die Cast Products >
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PD CEN/TR 16749:2014 Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Classification of Defects and Imperfections in High Pressure, Low Pressure and Gravity Die Cast Products, 2014
- Contents Page
- Foreword
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- 4 Classification of defects and imperfections in high pressure, low pressure and gravity die cast products [Go to Page]
- Table 1 — Classification of internal defects and imperfections
- Table 2 — Classification of surface defects and imperfections
- Table 3 — Classification of geometrical defects and imperfections
- 5 Definition of defects and imperfections [Go to Page]
- Annex A (informative) Description of defects and imperfections in High Pressure, Low Pressure and Gravity Die Cast Products
- A.1 Internal defects and imperfections
- A.1.1 Shrinkage defects and imperfections
- A.1.1.1 Macro-shrinkage (Type A1.1)
- Figure A.1 — Macrograph of macro-shrinkage
- A.1.1.2 Interdendritic shrinkage (Type A1.2)
- Figure A.2 — Metal flow around dendrites
- A.1.1.3 Layer porosity (Type A1.3)
- Figure A.3 — Formation of layer porosity
- A.1.2 Gas-related defects and imperfections
- A.1.2.1 Air entrapment porosity (Type A2.1)
- Figure A.4 — Entrapped air porosity in the casting
- A.1.2.2 Hydrogen porosity (Type A2.2)
- Figure A.5 — Entrapped air porosity in the casting
- A.1.2.3 Vapor entrapment porosity (Type A2.3)
- Figure A.6 — Schematics of vapor entrapment porosity
- A.1.2.4 Lubricant/release agent entrapment porosity (Type A2.4)
- Figure A.7 — Schematics of lubricant entrapment porosity
- A.1.3 Filling-related defects and imperfections
- A.1.3.1 Cold joint (Type A3.1)
- Figure A.8 — Micrograph of a cold joint
- A.1.3.2 Lamination (Type A3.2)
- Figure A.9 — Schematics of a lamination
- A.1.3.3 Cold shot (Type A3.3)
- Figure A.10 — Micrograph of a cold shot
- A.1.4 Undesired phases
- A.1.4.1 Inclusion (Type A4.1)
- Figure A.11 — Image of aluminium oxide
- A.1.4.2 Undesired structure (Type A4.2)
- Figure A.12 — Micrograph of a region with large dendrites
- A.1.5 Thermal contraction defects and imperfections
- A.1.5.1 Cold crack (Type A5.1)
- Figure A.13 — Schematics of a cold crack formation
- A.1.5.2 Hot tear, hot crack (Type A5.2)
- Figure A.14 — Micrograph of a hot crack
- A.2 Surface defects and imperfections
- A.2.1 Shrinkage defects and imperfections
- A.2.1.1 Sink (Type B1.1)
- Figure A.15 — External surface of a sink
- A.2.2 Gas-related defects and imperfections
- A.2.2.1 Blister (Type B2.1)
- Figure A.16 — Example of blisters
- A.2.2.2 Pinhole (Type B2.2)
- Figure A.17 — Example of pinholes
- A.2.3 Filling-related defects and imperfections
- A.2.3.1 Cold joint and vortex (Type B3.1)
- Figure A.18 — Macrograph showing a vortex
- A.2.3.2 Lamination (Type B3.2)
- Figure A.19 — Surface lamination
- A.2.3.3 Cold shot (Type B3.3)
- Figure A.20 — Macrograph of a surface cold shot
- A.2.4 Undesired phases
- A.2.4.1 Surface deposit (Type B4.1)
- Figure A.21 — Macrograph of a deposit
- A.2.4.2 Contaminant or inclusion (Type B4.2)
- Figure A.22 — Macrograph of a contaminant
- A.2.5 Thermal contraction defects and imperfections
- A.2.5.1 Cold crack (Type B5.1)
- Figure A.23 — Image of a crack
- A.2.5.2 Hot tear, hot crack (Type B5.2)
- Figure A.24 — Macrograph of a hot crack
- A.2.6 Metal/die interaction defects and imperfections
- A.2.6.1 Erosion (Type B6.1)
- Figure A.25 — Image of a casting defect/imperfection caused by die-erosion
- A.2.6.2 Soldering (Type B6.2)
- Figure A.26 — Example of soldering effects on the die
- A.2.6.3 Thermal fatigue marks (Type B6.3)
- Figure A.27 — A casting defect/imperfection caused by the presence of thermal fatigue cracks on the die
- A.2.6.4 Ejection mark (Type B6.4)
- Figure A.28 — Image of an ejection mark
- A.2.6.5 Corrosion of the die (Type B6.5)
- Figure A.29 — Image of a casting obtained with a corroded die
- A.3 Geometry defects and imperfections
- A.3.1 Lack of material - Incompleteness (Type C1.1)
- Figure A.30 — Example of incomplete casting
- A.3.2 Excess of material - Flash (Type C2.1)
- Figure A.31 — Example of flash
- A.3.3 Out of tolerance - Deformation (Type C3.1)
- Figure A.32 — Schematics of out of tolerances castings
- Annex B (informative) Translations of defects and imperfections terminology
- Table B.1 — Translations of defects and imperfections terminology
- Annex C (informative) Examples of detection techniques and size of defects and imperfections
- Table C.1 — Examples of detection techniques and size of defects and imperfections
- Bibliography [Go to Page]