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eLibrary > PD IEC TR 62669:2019 Case studies supporting IEC 62232. Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure >

PD IEC TR 62669:2019 Case studies supporting IEC 62232. Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure, 2019

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PD IEC TR 62669:2019 Case studies supporting IEC 62232. Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure, 2019

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CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviations [Go to Page]
4.1 Physical quantities
4.2 Constants
4.3 Abbreviated terms
5 Overview of case studies
Tables [Go to Page]
Table 1 – Outline of RF exposure assessment case studies
6 Indoor small cell product compliance assessment using SAR measurements [Go to Page]
6.1 General description
6.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 [Go to Page]
6.2.1 Evaluation process
Figures [Go to Page]
Figure 1 – Tested local area BS product with two radios denoted RF1 and RF2
Table 2 – ICNIRP RF exposure limits relevant for the product compliance assessment (from [8]) [Go to Page]
6.2.2 Methodology
Figure 2 – Definition of cylindrical RF compliance boundary [Go to Page]
6.2.3 Reporting
6.3 Technical outcome
6.4 Lessons learned
Table 3 – Dimensions of the cylindrical-shaped RF compliance boundary for general public (GP) and occupational (O) exposure
7 Outdoor small cell product compliance assessment using SAR measurements [Go to Page]
7.1 General description
7.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 [Go to Page]
7.2.1 Evaluation process
Figure 3 – Small remote radio equipment at 3,5 GHz (EUT antenna) [Go to Page]
7.2.2 Methodology
7.2.3 Reporting
7.3 Technical outcome
7.4 Lessons learned
8 Small cell product installation compliance assessment using simplified installation criteria [Go to Page]
8.1 General description
8.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 [Go to Page]
8.2.1 Evaluation process
Figure 4 – Simplified process for product installation complianceapplicable to small cells
Table 4 – Typical examples of small cell configurations (from [18]) [Go to Page]
8.2.2 Methodology
8.2.3 Reporting
8.3 Technical outcome
Figure 5 – Overview of BS installation classes for simplifiedRF exposure assessment of small cells
8.4 Lessons learned
9 Small cell site in-situ measurements [Go to Page]
9.1 General description
9.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 for measurement Campaign A [Go to Page]
9.2.1 Evaluation process
9.2.2 Methodology
Figure 6 – Illustration of small cells integration in street furniture [Go to Page]
9.2.3 Reporting
9.3 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 for measurement Campaign B [Go to Page]
9.3.1 General description
9.3.2 Case B (comprehensive exposure evaluation)
Figure 7 – Photographs of typical examples of the three small cell site groups [Go to Page]
9.3.3 Reporting
9.4 Lessons learned
10 Street cell product compliance assessment using SAR measurements and power density spatial averaging [Go to Page]
10.1 General description
10.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 [Go to Page]
10.2.1 Evaluation process
10.2.2 Methodology
Figure 8 – Omni-directional antenna connected to the street cell product [Go to Page]
10.2.3 Reporting
10.3 Technical outcome
10.4 Validation study [Go to Page]
10.4.1 Validation process
Figure 9 – Vertical scan lines for spatially averaged field strength measurements
Table 5 – General public compliance distances for the street cell BSwith omni-directional antenna [Go to Page]
10.4.2 Comparison of spatial average field strength and whole-body SAR results
10.5 Lessons learned
11 Macro site in-situ measurements [Go to Page]
11.1 General description
Table 6 – Street cell EMF compliance assessment comparison: general public (adult) compliance distances based on SAR and field strength
11.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 [Go to Page]
11.2.1 Evaluation process
Figure 10 – View from the measurement location to the BS
Table 7 – Operators and technologies present on the BS site [Go to Page]
11.2.2 Methodology
11.2.3 Reporting
11.3 Technical outcome
11.4 Lessons learned
12 Macro site in-situ measurements using drones [Go to Page]
12.1 General description
Table 8 – Measurement results for 1,5 m above relative ground level
12.2 Implementation [Go to Page]
12.2.1 Evaluation system
12.2.2 Evaluation process and methodology
12.2.3 Reporting
12.3 Technical outcome
Figure 11 – Drone used for field measurements around the BS site
Table 9 – The measurement results of the measurement points
12.4 Lessons learned
13 RF exposure assessment based on actual maximum transmitted power or EIRP [Go to Page]
13.1 General guidelines [Go to Page]
13.1.1 Technical background and rationale
Figure 12 – Empirical CDFs of transmitted power (normalized) for different environments in 3G network in India [31]
Figure 13 – Empirical CDFs of combined transmitted power (normalized)for a 2G/3G/4G network in Sweden [32]
Figure 14 – Extrapolation factor of the power flux density S(t) of the different signals and the Stotal(t) (all bands) with a sliding time averaging of 6 min applied to the measurements [27] [Go to Page]
13.1.2 Guiding principles for conducting RF exposure assessment based on the actual maximum approach
13.1.3 EIRP evaluation assumptions
13.1.4 Technology duty cycle factor assumptions
Figure 15 – Generic structure of a base station transmitted RF signal frame [Go to Page]
13.1.5 Expected outcome of actual maximum approaches
13.2 Modelling studies for BS using mMIMO [Go to Page]
13.2.1 Guiding principles
13.2.2 Simulation model parameters
Table 10 – Relevant parameters for conducting RF exposure modelling studies of a massive MIMO site or site cluster [Go to Page]
13.2.3 Modelling case study A
Table 11 – Relevant parameters for conducting RF exposure assessment of massive MIMO site according to simulation method A (from [33])
Figure 16 – Fraction of the total power transmitted in the broadside beam direction for rural and urban scenarios [Go to Page]
13.2.4 Modelling case study B
Figure 17 – CDF of the power reduction factor for rural and urban installation scenarios
Table 12 – Relevant parameters for conducting RF exposure assessmentof a massive MIMO site or site cluster according to simulation method B (from [35]) [Go to Page]
13.2.5 Modelling case study C
Figure 18 – CDF of the normalized transmitted power for both UMa and UMi
Table 13 – Summary of the percentiles of the normalized transmitted power and compliance distances for a UMa scenario from 3GPP TR 36.873 [6]and 3GPP TR 38.901 [7]
Table 14 – Relevant parameters for conducting RF exposure assessment of massive MIMO site according to simulation method C (from [36]) [Go to Page]
13.2.6 Lessons learned
Figure 19 – Relationship between additional power reduction factor and CDF as a function of number of beams (number of incoherent areas)
13.3 Measurement studies on operational sites with BS using mMIMO [Go to Page]
13.3.1 Guiding principles
13.3.2 Measurement campaign parameters
Table 15 – Measurement campaign parameters for conducting RF exposure assessment of a massive MIMO site or site cluster [Go to Page]
13.3.3 Experiment process
13.3.4 Examples of RF exposure experiments
Table 16 – Measurement campaign parameters for RF exposure validation of several massive MIMO sites and site clusters
Figure 20 – CDF of measurement on 8-cell cluster (experiment #1)
Table 17 – Actual maximum values for experiment #1
Figure 21 – CDF in high-traffic conditions (experiment #5)
Table 18 – Actual maximum values for experiment #5 [Go to Page]
13.3.5 Lessons learned
Table 19 – Summary of actual maximum power results based on measurements from different sites and clusters
13.4 Configurations with multiple transmitters [Go to Page]
13.4.1 Guiding principles for configurations with multiple transmitters
13.4.2 Rationale
Table 20 – Quantiles of the reference Beta distribution used to assess power combination factors
Figure 22 – CDF of the reference Beta distribution used to assess power combination factors
Figure 23 – CDF resulting from the combination of two independent transmitters having the reference Beta distribution [Go to Page]
13.4.3 Power combination factors applicable to configurations with multiple transmitters
Table 21 – Percentiles resulting from the combination of 2 to 5 independent transmitters having the reference Beta distribution
Table 22 – Power combination factors applicable to the normalized transmitted power CDF in case of combination of multiple independent identical transmitters
Table 23 – Power combination factors applicable to two independent transmitters with a ratio p in amplitude [Go to Page]
13.4.4 Lessons learned
14 Macro BS with massive MIMO product compliance assessment [Go to Page]
14.1 General description
Figure 24 – 5G BS product
14.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 [Go to Page]
14.2.1 Evaluation process
14.2.2 Methodology
Figure 25 – Box-shaped RF compliance boundary
Table 24 – RF EMF exposure limits relevant for the product compliance assessment [8] [Go to Page]
14.2.3 Reporting
14.3 Technical outcome
Table 25 – Dimensions of the box-shaped RF compliance boundary for general public (GP) and occupational (O) exposure for an actual maximum transmitted power configuration
14.4 Lessons learned
15 Macro site with massive MIMO product installation compliance assessment [Go to Page]
15.1 General description
15.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 [Go to Page]
15.2.1 Evaluation process
15.2.2 Methodology
Figure 26 – Outline of the 5G site
Table 26 – RF EMF exposure limits relevant for the compliance assessment [Go to Page]
15.2.3 Reporting
15.3 Technical outcome
Figure 27 – Top view of the exclusion zones (red: occupational, yellow: general public)
15.4 Lessons learned
16 Small cell products at millimetre-wave frequency using massive MIMO [Go to Page]
16.1 General description
Figure 28 – Side view of the exclusion zones (red: occupational, yellow: general public)
16.2 Indoor product installation case study [Go to Page]
16.2.1 Product configurations
16.2.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017
Figure 29 – Indoor site with 5G small cell product at millimetre-wave frequency [Go to Page]
16.2.3 Technical outcome
16.2.4 Lessons learned
16.3 In-situ measurement case study [Go to Page]
16.3.1 Product configurations
16.3.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017
Figure 30 – Outdoor site with 5G small cell product at millimetre-wave frequency installed on a 44 m radio tower [Go to Page]
16.3.3 Technical outcome
Table 27 – Measurement results
Figure 31 – Map of the outdoor measurement locations
Figure 32 – Outdoor measurement location 1
Figure 33 – Outdoor measurement location 2 [Go to Page]
16.3.4 Lessons learned
17 Wireless link with parabolic dish antenna product compliance assessment [Go to Page]
17.1 General description
17.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 [Go to Page]
17.2.1 Evaluation process
Figure 34 – Typical radio transmitters using parabolic dish antennas
Table 28 – RF EMF exposure limits relevant for the product compliance assessment (from [8]) [Go to Page]
17.2.2 Methodology
17.2.3 Reporting
17.3 Technical outcome
Figure 35 – Cylindrical shape RF compliance boundary
Table 29 – Examples of radio relay configurations with parabolic dish antennas below 10 GHz
Table 30 – Examples of radio relay configurations with parabolic dish antennas above 10 GHz
17.4 Lessons learned
Annexes [Go to Page]
Annex A (informative)Technical information supporting the case study "Indoor small cell product compliance assessment using SAR measurements" (Clause 6) [Go to Page]
A.1 Technical details
A.2 Test report
Table A.1 – Technical data for the EUT
Table A.2 – EUT configuration with rated maximum transmitted power level and maximum transmitted power levels
Annex B (informative)Technical information supporting the case study "Outdoor small cell product compliance assessment using SAR measurements" (Clause 7) [Go to Page]
B.1 Physical parameters of the EUT antenna
B.2 Measurement set-up
Table B.1 – Physical parameters [Go to Page]
B.3 Measurement results
B.4 Test report
Figure B.1 – Views of the SAR measurement setup
Figure B.2 – Characteristics of SAR of EUT antennas as a function of separation distance at 3,5 GHz
Annex C (informative)Technical information supporting the case study "Small cell product installation compliance assessment using simplified installation criteria" (Clause 8) [Go to Page]
C.1 3GPP categories of base stations
C.2 E0 installation class case study – Touch compliant
Table C.1 – Range of transmitted power classes for 3G and 4G base stations (from 3GPP TS 25.104 [16] and 3GPP TS 36.104 [17])
Table C.2 – Example of product parameters for an E0 installation class [Go to Page]
C.3 E2 installation class case study
Figure C.1 – Example of an E0 installation class configuration
Table C.3 – Example of product parameters for an E2 installation class [Go to Page]
C.4 E10 installation class case study
Figure C.2 – Example of an E2 installation class configuration
Table C.4 – Example of product parameters for an E10 installation class [Go to Page]
C.5 E100 installation class case
Figure C.3 – Example of layout design for an E10 installation class configuration
Table C.5 – Example of product parameters for an E100 installation class [Go to Page]
C.6 E+ installation class case study
Figure C.4 – Example of layout design for an E100 installation class configuration
Table C.6 – Example of product parameters for an E+ installation class
Figure C.5 – Example of layout design for an E+ installation class configuration
Annex D (informative)Technical information supporting the case study "Small cell site in-situ measurements" (Clause 9) [Go to Page]
D.1 General description and note
D.2 Technical information and results for measurement Campaign A
Table D.1 – Main characteristics of the two trials of measurement Campaign A
Figure D.1 – Mean value of E-field measurements with broadbandequipment at intermediate points for each site
Figure D.2 – Maximum global E-field values measured in close proximity to the sites
Figure D.3 – Consistency analysis between Case A and Case B (without extrapolation) results
Figure D.4 – Contribution of mobile services compared to Case B results
Figure D.5 – Routes used for walk-tests around each site on both trials
Figure D.6 – Cumulative distribution function of the upload throughput on Trial 1 normalized by the maximum value measured on each site when the small cells are off (left) and of the transmitted power by the handset (right)
Figure D.7 – Cumulative distribution function of the upload throughput on Trial 2 normalized by the maximum value measured on each site when the small cells are off (left) and of the transmitted power by the handset (right)
Figure D.8 – Cumulative distribution functions of the power transmittedby the handset during voice calls on Trial 2 when small cells are on and off [Go to Page]
D.3 Technical information for measurement Campaign B [Go to Page]
D.3.1 General description
D.3.2 Measurement process
Table D.2 – Country and site groups of the sites in measurement Campaign B [Go to Page]
[Go to Page]
D.3.3 Results
Table D.3 – The predefined services configured in the measurement equipment
Figure D.9 – Results of the measurements around the selected sites
Figure D.10 – Comparison between Campaign B results and other countrywide measurement campaigns [Go to Page]
[Go to Page]
D.3.4 Measurement uncertainty
D.3.5 Test report for measurement Campaign B
Annex E (informative)Technical information supporting the case study "Street cell product compliance assessment using SAR measurements and power density spatial averaging" (Clause 10)
Annex F (informative)Technical information supporting the case study "Macro site in-situ measurements" (Clause 11) [Go to Page]
F.1 Technical information used for performing the tests
F.2 Test report
Annex G (informative)Technical information supporting the case study "Macro site in-situ measurements using drones" (Clause 12) [Go to Page]
G.1 Technical parameters of the measurement system
G.2 Technical parameters of the drone
G.3 Description of the BS measurement site
Table G.1 – The information of the components in the measurement system
Table G.2 – The parameters of the drone [Go to Page]
G.4 Technical details of the measurement process
Figure G.1 – Photograph of test site
Table G.3 – The base station parameters
Table G.4 – The measurement steps
Figure G.2 – The measurement system
Figure G.3 – The route of the drone during the flight
Figure G.4 – The drone is hovering at measurement point 1
Figure G.5 – The drone is hovering at measurement point 2 [Go to Page]
G.5 Software interface of the drone-based measurement system
G.6 Considerations for performing RF exposure measurements using drones
Figure G.6 – Operating interface of the drone-based measurement system software
Annex H (informative)Technical information supporting the case study "Macro BS with massive MIMO product compliance assessment" (Clause 14) [Go to Page]
H.1 Technical details
Table H.1 – Technical data for the EUT
Table H.2 – Properties of the antenna used [Go to Page]
H.2 Test report
Table H.3 – EUT configuration with rated maximum transmitted power level and actual maximum transmitted power level including a power tolerance of 1 dB
Annex I (informative)Technical information supporting the case study "Macro site with massive MIMO product installation compliance assessment" (Clause 15) [Go to Page]
I.1 Description of the site
Figure I.1 – Rooftop scheme [Go to Page]
I.2 Description of the EUT
Figure I.2 – Geometry of the rooftop installation
Table I.1 – Properties of the installed base stations [Go to Page]
I.3 Evaluation procedure
I.4 Calculations
Figure I.3 – Compliance boundaries for general public (yellow)
Figure I.4 – Compliance boundaries for occupational exposure (red) [Go to Page]
I.5 Interpretation of the results
I.6 Test report
Table I.2 – RF EMF exposure limits and product installation compliance assessment
Annex J (informative)Technical information supporting the case study "Small cell products at millimetre-wave frequency using massive MIMO" (Clause 16)
Annex K (informative)Revised flow chart for the simplified RF exposure assessment of BS using parabolic dish antennas (Clause 17)
Figure K.1 – Revised flow chart for the simplified assessment of RF compliance boundary in the line of sight of a parabolic dish antenna
Bibliography [Go to Page]

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PD IEC TR 62669:2019 Case studies supporting IEC 62232. Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure, 2019

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