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PD IEC/TS 62556:2014 Ultrasonics. Field characterization. Specification and measurement of field parameters for high intensity therapeutic ultrasound (HITU) transducers and systems, 2014
- iec62556{ed1.0}en.pdf [Go to Page]
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- 4 List of symbols
- 5 Independent measurement of total acoustic output power
- 6 Acoustic field measurement: equipment [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Hydrophone [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 General
- 6.1.2 Sensitivity of a hydrophone
- 6.1.3 Directional response of a hydrophone
- 6.1.4 Effective hydrophone radius
- 6.1.5 Choice of the size of a hydrophone active element
- 6.1.6 Hydrophone pressure limits
- 6.1.7 Hydrophone intensity limits
- 6.1.8 Hydrophone cable length and amplifiers
- 6.2 Requirements for positioning and water baths [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 General
- 6.2.2 Positioning systems
- 6.2.3 Water bath
- 6.3 Requirements for data acquisition and analysis systems
- 6.4 Requirements and recommendations for ultrasonic equipment being characterized
- 7 Measurement procedure [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Preparation and alignment [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Initial adjustment to driving voltage
- 7.2.2 Preparation of source transducer
- 7.2.3 Aligning an ultrasonic transducer and hydrophone
- 7.2.4 Beam-axis scan
- 7.2.5 Measurements to be made at z = zp
- 7.2.6 Further evaluation for sidelobes and pre-focal maxima
- 7.3 Considerations for scanning transducers and transducers with multiple sources [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 Automatic scanning transducers
- 7.4 Linear extrapolation of field values [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 General
- 7.4.2 Calculation of Isal
- 7.4.3 Scaling for sidelobes and pre-focal maxima
- 7.5 Reporting
- Annex A (informative) Rationale [Go to Page]
- A.1 General
- A.2 Detailed discussion of difficulties in HITU field measurements [Go to Page]
- A.2.1 Very high pressures
- A.2.2 Very high intensities
- A.2.3 Strong focusing
- A.2.4 Nonlinear harmonics
- A.2.5 Acoustic saturation and nonlinear loss
- A.2.6 Damage to hydrophones may only be apparent at high pressures
- A.3 Approach of this technical specification
- Annex B (informative) Assessment of uncertainty in the acoustic quantities obtained by hydrophone measurements [Go to Page]
- B.1 General
- B.2 Overall (expanded) uncertainty
- B.3 Common sources of uncertainty
- Annex C (informative) Transducer and hydrophone positioning systems
- Annex D (informative) Rationale for Isal [Go to Page]
- D.1 General rationale
- D.2 Determination of Pc,6 using hydrophone measurements and extrapolation from linear measurements.
- D.3 Alternative determination of Pc,6 using an aperture in combination with a measurement of total acoustic output power
- D.4 Special case of uniformly vibrating spherically shaped transducers
- Annex E (normative) Propagation and back-propagation methods for field reconstruction: basic formulae and requirements [Go to Page]
- E.1 Motivation and background
- E.2 Theory [Go to Page]
- E.2.1 General
- E.2.2 Fourier projection approach
- E.2.3 Rayleigh integral approach
- E.3 Implementation [Go to Page]
- E.3.1 General
- E.3.2 Recommendations for hydrophone
- E.3.3 Recommendation for planar scan parameters
- E.4 Assessment of uncertainties
- Annex F (informative) Propagation and back-propagation methods for field reconstruction: examples and uses [Go to Page]
- F.1 Examples [Go to Page]
- F.1.1 Fourier projection example
- F.1.2 Rayleigh integral projection example
- F.2 Other propagation method applications
- Annex G (normative) Planar scanning of a hydrophone to determine acoustic output power [Go to Page]
- G.1 Introduction
- G.2 General principle
- G.3 Hydrophone scanning methodology [Go to Page]
- G.3.1 General methodology
- G.3.2 Particular considerations for implementation for HITU fields
- G.4 Corrections and sources of measurement uncertainty [Go to Page]
- G.4.1 Uncertainty in the hydrophone calibration
- G.4.2 Planar scanning
- G.4.3 Attenuation factor of water: unfocusing transducers
- G.4.4 Attenuation factor of water: focusing transducers
- G.4.5 Received hydrophone signal
- G.4.6 Integration
- G.4.7 Finite size of the hydrophone
- G.4.8 partial extent of integration
- G.4.9 Non-linear propagation
- G.4.10 Directional response
- G.4.11 Noise
- G.4.12 Intensity approximated by derived intensity
- Annex H (informative) Properties of water [Go to Page]
- H.1 General
- H.2 Attenuation coefficient for propagation in water
- Annex I (informative) Propagation medium and degassing
- Bibliography
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Schematic diagram of the different planes and lines in an ultrasonic field for a rectangular HITU transducer
- Figure 2 – Schematic diagram of the different planes and lines in an ultrasonic field for a circularly symmetric HITU transducer
- Figure 3 – Schematic diagram of the different planes and lines in an ultrasonic field for a circularly symmetric HITU transducer with a circular hole in its center
- Figure 4 – Schematic diagram of the different planes and lines in an ultrasonic field for a circularly symmetric HITU transducer with a rectangular hole in its center for a diagnostic transducer (HITU transducer azimuth axis aligned with azimuth scan axis of diagnostic transducer)
- Figure 5 – Parameters for describing a focusing transducer of an unknown geometry (IEC 61828)
- Figure 6 – Overall measurement scheme
- Figure C.1 – Schematic diagram of the ultrasonic transducer and hydrophone degrees of freedom. X, Y and Z denote the axis directions relative to the mounted hydrophone and ultrasonic transducer.
- Figure E.1 – Geometry of problem for forward and backward projection techniques.
- Figure E.2 – Transducer focused at –15mm, y = 48,16 mm, z = 56,85 mm
- Figure E.3 – Selection of acquisition window
- Figure E.4 – Scanned field compared to its reconstruction from a finite window
- Figure F.1 – Transducer inside 2-axis scanner setup
- Figure F.2 – Pressure amplitude as scanned
- Figure F.3 – Reconstructed pressure amplitude distribution in 3 orthogonal planes that contain the focal point
- Figure F.4 – 3D representation of the focal beam for nominal focus at x = –0,85 mm, y = –0,25 mm, z = 58,95 mm
- Figure F.5 – Reconstruction of pressure amplitudes on the transducer surface (transducer aperture plane)
- Figure F.6 – Experimental arrangement
- Figure F.7 – Amplitude and phase distribution of acoustic pressure measured at the scanning region
- Figure F.8 – Amplitude and phase distribution of acoustic pressure reconstructed at the transducer aperture plane
- Figure F.9 – Comparison of the axial distribution of pressure amplitudes as projected from the aperture plane (red) and as measured (blue)
- Figure F.10 –Comparison of the schlieren image (A) and the corresponding YZ distribution of acoustic pressure amplitudes projected from the transducer aperture plane (B)
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table H.1 – Speed of sound c [35, 36] and characteristic acoustic impedance,
ρ c, as a function of temperature, for propagation in water [Go to Page]