Already a subscriber?
MADCAD.com Free Trial
Sign up for a 3 day free trial to explore the MADCAD.com interface, PLUS access the
2009 International Building Code to see how it all works.
If you like to setup a quick demo, let us know at support@madcad.com
or +1 800.798.9296 and we will be happy to schedule a webinar for you.
Security check
Please login to your personal account to use this feature.
Please login to your authorized staff account to use this feature.
Are you sure you want to empty the cart?
IEEE Guide for Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines Part I—Acceptance and Performance Testing Part II—Test Procedures and Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis, 2009
- IEEE Std 115™-2009 Front cover
- Title page
- Introduction
- Notice to users [Go to Page]
- Laws and regulations
- Copyrights
- Updating of IEEE documents
- Errata
- Interpretations
- Patents
- Participants
- Contents
- Important notice
- Part I—Acceptance and Performance Testing [Go to Page]
- 1. Overview [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Scope
- 1.2 Organization of the guide
- 1.3 Miscellaneous notes
- 1.4 Instrumentation
- 2. Normative references
- 3. Miscellaneous tests [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Insulation resistance
- 3.2 Dielectric and partial discharge tests [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 General
- 3.2.2 Preparation
- 3.2.3 Method 1. Alternating-voltage testing at power frequency
- 3.2.4 Method 2. Direct-voltage testing of stator windings
- 3.2.5 Method 3. Very low frequency (VLF) testing of stator windings
- 3.2.6 Method 4. Partial discharge testing
- 3.3 Resistance measurements [Go to Page]
- 3.3.1 General
- 3.3.2 Correction to specified temperature
- 3.3.3 Reference field resistance
- 3.3.4 Reference field resistance from a running test
- 3.3.5 Field resistance for running temperature tests
- 3.3.6 Effect of brush voltage drop
- 3.4 Tests for short-circuited field turns [Go to Page]
- 3.4.1 General
- 3.4.2 Method 1. Voltage drop, dc
- 3.4.3 Method 2. Voltage drop, ac
- 3.4.4 Method 3. DC resistance
- 3.4.5 Method 4. Exciting coil for cylindrical rotors
- 3.4.6 Method 5. Rotor waveform detection for cylindrical rotors
- 3.5 Polarity test for field poles
- 3.6 Shaft current and bearing insulation [Go to Page]
- 3.6.1 General
- 3.6.2 Method 1. Across end shafts
- 3.6.3 Method 2. Across bearing oil film, uninsulated bearings
- 3.6.4 Method 3. Across bearing insulation
- 3.6.5 Method 4. Bearing insulation—Running test
- 3.6.6 Method 5. Bearing insulation—Static test
- 3.6.7 Method 6. Double insulation
- 3.7 Phase sequence [Go to Page]
- 3.7.1 General
- 3.7.2 Method 1. Phase-sequence indicators
- 3.7.3 Method 2. Indication of differential voltage
- 3.7.4 Method 3. Direction of rotation for machines that can be started on a power source
- 3.8 Telephone-influence factor (TIF) [Go to Page]
- 3.8.1 General
- 3.8.2 Weighting factors
- 3.8.3 Voltage transformer considerations
- 3.9 Balanced TIF [Go to Page]
- 3.9.1 General
- 3.9.2 Method 1. Line-to-line voltage
- 3.9.3 Method 2. Phase voltage
- 3.10 Residual-component TIF [Go to Page]
- 3.10.1 General
- 3.10.2 Method 1. Machines that can be connected in delta
- 3.10.3 Method 2. Machines that cannot be connected in delta
- 3.10.4 Method 3. Line-to-neutral test
- 3.11 Line-to-neutral TIF [Go to Page]
- 3.11.1 General
- 3.11.2 Method of test
- 3.11.3 Check of balanced, residual, and line-to-neutral TIF
- 3.12 Stator terminal voltage—waveform deviation and distortion factors [Go to Page]
- 3.12.1 Procedure for testing
- 3.12.2 Waveform analysis
- 3.12.3 Fourier analysis
- 3.12.4 Measuring rms value
- 3.13 Overspeed tests [Go to Page]
- 3.13.1 General
- 3.13.2 Procedure
- 3.14 Line-charging capacity [Go to Page]
- 3.14.1 General
- 3.14.2 Method 1. As motor
- 3.14.3 Method 2. As generator
- 3.14.4 Method 3. As generator
- 3.15 Acoustic noise [Go to Page]
- 3.15.1 General
- 3.15.2 Procedure
- 3.16 Vibration testing [Go to Page]
- 3.16.1 General
- 3.16.2 Motors and small generators
- 3.16.3 Large synchronous cylindrical rotor generators—Shaft vibrations
- 3.16.4 Large synchronous cylindrical rotor generators—Bearing vibrations
- 3.16.5 Synchronous generators in hydroelectric applications
- 4. Saturation curves, segregated losses, and efficiency [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1 Efficiency
- 4.1.2 Methods to measure losses
- 4.1.3 Elimination of exciter input
- 4.1.4 Effect of temperature and pressure
- 4.1.5 Coupled machines
- 4.1.6 Steam turbine overheating
- 4.1.7 Dewatering hydraulic turbine
- 4.1.8 Electric starting
- 4.2 Method 1. Separate drive [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 Driving motor
- 4.2.2 Procedure
- 4.2.3 Dynamometer as driver
- 4.2.4 Mechanical driver
- 4.2.5 Open-circuit saturation curve
- 4.2.6 Air-gap line
- 4.2.7 Core loss and friction and windage loss
- 4.2.8 Short-circuit saturation curve
- 4.2.9 Short-circuit loss and stray-load loss
- 4.2.10 Zero-power-factor saturation curve
- 4.3 Method 2. Electric input [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 General
- 4.3.2 Instrument transformers
- 4.3.3 Voltage on instruments
- 4.3.4 Methods to measure power input
- 4.3.5 Accuracy
- 4.3.6 Stray-load loss
- 4.3.7 Open-circuit loss
- 4.3.8 Open-circuit saturation curve
- 4.3.9 Short-circuit loss and stray-load loss
- 4.3.10 Total loss curve
- 4.3.11 Short-circuit saturation curve
- 4.4 Method 3. Retardation [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 General
- 4.4.2 Friction and windage loss
- 4.4.3 Open-circuit core loss
- 4.4.4 Short-circuit loss and stray-load loss
- 4.4.5 Effect of connected apparatus
- 4.4.6 Test procedures
- 4.4.7 When overspeed cannot be obtained
- 4.4.8 When low-voltage switchgear is omitted
- 4.4.9 Methods to determine deceleration
- 4.4.10 Open-circuit and short-circuit saturation curves
- 4.4.11 Methods to determine rotor polar moment of inertia (J)
- 4.5 Method 4. Heat transfer [Go to Page]
- 4.5.1 Machines with water coolers
- 4.6 Efficiency [Go to Page]
- 4.6.1 Method 1. Segregated losses
- 4.6.2 Method 2. Input-output
- 5. Load excitation [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Test methods [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Determining armature leakage reactance, Xl
- 5.2.2 Methods to determine Potier reactance
- 5.3 Load excitation calculation methods for specified machine terminal conditions [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Method 1. Specified operation conditions
- 5.3.2 Method 2. Phasor diagram analysis
- 5.3.3 Method 3. Potier reactance without machine saliency
- 5.4 Excitation calculation methods used in stability computer programs
- 6. Temperature tests [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- 6.2 Methods of loading [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Method 1. Conventional loading
- 6.2.2 Method 2. Synchronous feedback
- 6.2.3 Method 3. Zero power factor
- 6.2.4 Method 4. Open-circuit and short-circuit loading
- 6.3 Duration of test [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Continuous loading
- 6.3.2 Short-time ratings
- 6.3.3 Intermittent loads
- 6.4 Methods to measure temperature [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 General
- 6.4.2 Method 1. Resistance thermometer or thermocouples
- 6.4.3 Method 2. Embedded detector
- 6.4.4 Method 3. Winding resistance
- 6.4.5 Method 4. Local temperature detector
- 6.5 Preparation for test [Go to Page]
- 6.5.1 Location of measuring devices
- 6.5.2 Enclosed machines
- 6.5.3 Open-ventilated machines
- 6.5.4 Precautions
- 6.6 Determination of coolant temperature [Go to Page]
- 6.6.1 General
- 6.6.2 Machines cooled by surrounding air
- 6.6.3 Duct and pipe-ventilated machines
- 6.6.4 Machines with a recirculating cooling system
- 6.6.5 Machines cooled by other means
- 6.6.6 Test reference coolant temperature defined
- 6.6.7 Thermometer oil cups
- 6.7 Temperature readings [Go to Page]
- 6.7.1 General
- 6.7.2 Thermometer method
- 6.7.3 Embedded-detector method
- 6.7.4 Resistance method for fields
- 6.7.5 Resistance method for armature
- 6.7.6 Resistance method for brushless machines
- 6.8 Shutdown temperatures [Go to Page]
- 6.8.1 General
- 6.8.2 Location of measuring devices
- 6.9 Temperature rise [Go to Page]
- 6.9.1 Running test
- 6.9.2 Shutdown
- 7. Torque tests [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Locked-rotor current and torque [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 General
- 7.2.2 Determination of locked-rotor current
- 7.2.3 Method 1. Torque by scale and beam
- 7.2.4 Method 2. Torque by electric input
- 7.2.5 Torque at specified conditions
- 7.2.6 Determination of induced field current or voltage
- 7.3 Speed-torque tests [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 General
- 7.3.2 Method 1. Measured output
- 7.3.3 Method 2. Acceleration
- 7.3.4 Method 3. Input
- 7.3.5 Method 4. Direct measurement
- 7.3.6 Correction for voltage effects
- 7.4 Pull-out torque [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 General
- 7.4.2 Method 1. Direct measurement
- 7.4.3 Method 2. Calculation from machine constants
- 8. Sudden short-circuit tests [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Mechanical integrity of machine
- 8.2 Electrical integrity of machine
- Part II—Test Procedures and Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis [Go to Page]
- 9. Applications of machine electrical parameters [Go to Page]
- 9.1 General
- 9.2 P.U. quantities [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 Comments
- 9.2.5 Base frequency
- 9.2.4 Base impedance
- 9.2.3 Base voltage and current
- 9.2.2 Base power
- 10. Tests for determining parameter values for steady-state conditions [Go to Page]
- 10.1 Purpose
- 10.2 Instrumentation [Go to Page]
- 10.2.1 Types of parameters to be determined
- 10.3 Direct-axis synchronous reactance, Xd
- 10.4 Quadrature-axis synchronous reactance, Xq [Go to Page]
- 10.4.1 General
- 10.4.2 Method 1. Slip test
- 10.4.3 Method 2. Maximum lagging current
- 10.4.4 Method 3. Empirical function
- 10.4.5 Method 4. Load angle
- 10.5 Negative-sequence quantities (steady state) [Go to Page]
- 10.5.1 Determining negative-sequence reactance, X2
- 10.5.2 Determining negative-sequence resistance, R2
- 10.6 Zero-sequence quantities [Go to Page]
- 10.6.1 Determining zero-sequence reactance, X0
- 10.6.2 Determining zero-sequence resistance, R0
- 10.7 Testing procedures and parameter determination for positive-sequenceresistance for a synchronous machine [Go to Page]
- 10.7.1 General
- 10.7.2 Determination from test
- 10.8 Additional miscellaneous steady-state tests for synchronous machines [Go to Page]
- 10.8.1 Determination of short-circuit ratio (SCR)
- 10.8.2 Determination of internal load angle, δ
- 11. Tests for evaluating transient or subtransient characteristic values [Go to Page]
- 11.4.1 Consultation with manufacturer [Go to Page]
- 11.4.2 Calibration of test equipment (including use of current shunt or current transformers)
- 11.4.3 Three-phase armature connections
- 11.4.4 Interpretation of test data
- 11.4.5 Measurement and control of field quantities—pre-transient states
- 11.4.6 Measurement of steady-state quantities—post-transient states
- 11.5.1 Speed and field voltage control before and during tests
- 11.7.1 Parameter determination by sudden short circuit or voltage recovery
- 11.8.1 Method 1. Three-phase sudden short circuit
- 11.8.2 Method 2. Combined short circuit of armature and field
- 11.8.3 Method 3. Voltage recovery
- 11.8.4 Determining subtransient reactance parameter
- 11.9.1 Determining direct-axis transient short-circuit time constant, τ′d
- 11.9.2 Determining direct-axis subtransient short-circuit time constant, τ″d
- 11.10.1 Determining direct-axis transient open-circuit time constant, τ′do
- 11.10.2 Parameter determination using method 1
- 11.10.3 Parameter determination using method 2
- 11.10.4 Method 3. Field current
- 11.10.5 Method 4. Voltage recovery
- 11.10.6 Determining direct-axis subtransient open-circuit time constant, τ″do
- 11.11.1 General
- 11.11.2 Method 1. Resolved dc component
- 11.11.3 Method 2. DC components of phase currents
- 11.11.4 Method 3. Field current response
- 11.11.5 Rated-current and rated-voltage values of τa—saturation effects
- 11.11.6 Correction of τa to a specified temperature
- 11.12.1 General
- 11.12.2 Peak search
- 11.12.3 Envelope synchronization
- 11.12.4 Computation of symmetrical and dc components
- 11.12.5 Transient straight-line representation
- 11.12.6 Subtransient straight-line representation
- 11.12.7 DC component straight-line representation
- 11.12.8 Averaging
- 11.13.1 Specific tests and data gathering for a stationary test for determining X″d
- 11.13.2 Method 4. Indirect method for determining X″d
- 11.13.3 Rated-current and rated-voltage values—saturation effects on determining X″d
- 11.13.4 Additional line-to-line sudden short-circuit test for determining X2 from method 4
- 11.13.5 Determining quadrature-axis subtransient reactance, X″q
- 11.13.6 Determining rated current or rated voltage values of X″q—Saturation effects
- 12. Standstill frequency response (SSFR) testing [Go to Page]
- 12.1.1 Purpose of this form of testing [Go to Page]
- 12.1.2 Advantages of SSFR test procedures
- 12.1.3 Theoretical background
- 12.1.4 Model representation possible from this form of testing
- 12.1.5 Additional comments on applying operational methods to synchronous machines
- 12.2.1 Machine conditions for SSFR tests for turbine generators
- 12.2.2 Instrumentation and connections
- 12.2.3 Typical test setups
- 12.2.4 Measurement accuracy
- 12.2.5 Precautions and ancillary matters relating to machine safety
- 12.2.6 Measurable parameters available during standstill tests
- 12.3.1 Required measurements
- 12.3.2 Positioning the rotor for direct-axis tests
- 12.3.3 Direct-axis tests
- 12.3.4 Positioning the rotor for quadrature-axis tests
- 12.3.5 Quadrature-axis tests
- 12.4.1 Parameter determination based on SSFR test results
- 12.5.1 General
- 12.5.2 Mathematical background
- 12.5.3 Curve-fitting procedures
- 12.5.4 Numerical example
- 12.5.5 General remarks and nomenclature
- Annex A (informative) Bibliography
- Annex B (normative) Nomenclature
- Annex C (informative) Discussion on leakage and Potier reactances
- Annex D (informative) Example of calculation of p.u. field current (IF)
- Annex E (informative) Quadrature-axis transient or subtransient tests
- Annex F (informative) Generator load rejection tests
- Annex G (informative) Magnetic nonlinearity
- Annex H (informative) Alternative approach to model development [Go to Page]