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eLibrary >
ASHRAE Standard 151 Practices for Measuring, Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing Shipboard HVAC&R Systems >
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ASHRAE Standard 151 Practices for Measuring, Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing Shipboard HVAC&R Systems, 2010
- ASHRAE-D-86489-20100415.pdf [Go to Page]
- 1. PURPOSE
- 2. SCOPE
- 2.1 This standard describes methods for evaluating shipboard HVAC&R systems.
- 2.2 It applies to all air-moving equipment, hydronic equipment, and HVAC heat-transfer equipment, refrigeration equipment, HVAC electrical power and control equipment.
- 2.3 It describes methods for measuring temperature, humidity, enthalpy, current, wattage, voltage, rotation, fluid flow, heat flow, pressures, sound, and vibration levels in HVAC&R systems.
- 2.4 This standard includes the following:
- 2.5 It does not include system-design, application, or equipment-design criteria.
- 3. DEFINITIONS
- 4. SHIP CLASSIFICATIONS
- 4.1 Scope. This section sets forth the classification of ships for shipboard and cargo heating, ventilating, cooling, and refrigeration systems.
- 4.2 General. Shipboard HVAC&R systems can vary with ship type. Operating requirements will also vary, and the differences shall be recorded. Any significant or special operating considerations shall be observed by the testing and balancing technician...
- 4.3 Safety Requirements
- 4.4 Classification of Ships. The types of ships are classified as follows:
- 4.5 Default Conditions for Types of Shipboard Spaces. If no conditions are specified, then the default conditions listed in Table 4.5 apply for shipboard spaces.
- 5. INSTRUMENTS
- 5.1 Scope. This section covers the recommended instrumentation to obtain the measurements necessary for fluid (air and hydronic) system balancing. The section also covers other instruments that may be required for measurements in support of the TAB e...
- 5.2 General. Great care shall be taken to follow the manufacturers' instructions and the instructions herein regarding safety in the use of instruments for field measurements. Additionally, a manufacturer’s calibration requirements may be more stri...
- TABLE 4.5 Default Conditions for Various Shipboard Spaces
- 5.3 Air-Balancing Instruments
- 5.4 Hydronic Balancing Instruments
- 5.5 Instruments Used for Both Air and Hydronic Balancing
- 5.6 Other Instruments for Certain Situations, Air or Hydronic Systems
- 5.7 Refrigeration Test Instruments
- 6. INSTALLED BALANCING DEVICES
- 6.1 Scope. This section sets forth the requirements for location and installation of the permanently installed balancing devices in air and hydronic systems onboard ships.
- 6.2 General. Installed balancing devices are appurtenances in the piping or duct systems that are permanently installed. Balancing devices require a pressure drop to effectively throttle, or reduce, fluid flow.
- 6.3 Noise Control with Balancing Procedures. Dampers in outlet or inlet faces should be avoided because they can create noise if used for main system balancing. Main system balancing dampers in branch ductwork shall be located as far away from outlet...
- 6.4 Balancing Stations and Balancing Devices – Air Systems
- 6.5 Balancing Devices – Hydronic Systems
- 6.6 Steam Systems
- 7. ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
- 7.1 Scope. This Section covers the electrical measurements that are required during testing, adjusting and balancing. The required measurements are for voltage and current only. Other measurements may be required if specified.
- 7.2 General. The basic HVAC types of electrical equipment that need to be tested and balanced are motors, electric coils, controls, and their related components. Safety must always be a prime concern when performing testing, adjusting and balancing a...
- 7.3 Voltage Measurements. Voltage measurements are required to verify actual applied voltage provided to the equipment vs. the design voltage. A voltmeter is used for these measurements. Safety precautions shall be followed. Accurate voltage measurem...
- 7.4 Current Measurements. Current (amperage) measurements are required to verify actual operating current being drawn the by the equipment and should be compared to the design data and nameplate data on the equipment. An ammeter is used for these mea...
- 7.5 Variable Frequency Drives. Many of today’s mechanical and HVAC systems and equipment are provided with variable frequency drives (VFDs). Electrical measurements upstream of a VFD indicate the electrical service and power (voltage and amperage) ...
- 7.6 Power Factor Measurements (if required). Power factor is the ratio of active power to total power. Another way of stating this is that the voltage and current will seldom be applied to the operating equipment at the same instant in time. One will...
- 7.7 Power Calculations and Brake Horsepower. In its simplest form, power applied to electrical equipment is equal to the volts multiplied by the amps. One horsepower (Hp) is equal to 746 watts (w).
- 7.8 Electrical Equations and Formulae used in Testing, Adjusting and Balancing.
- 7.9 Electrical Data
- 8. SYSTEM EFFECTS
- 8.1 Scope. The purpose of this section is to make engineers, designers and TAB personnel aware of system effect. HVAC equipment and components are tested in a laboratory to determine performance. Unless the equipment and the components are installed ...
- 8.2 General. This section describes some system effects and how they can be avoided. Shipboard space is usually restrictive and crowded. It is more imperative that the equipment and components be properly designed and installed correctly to minimize ...
- 8.3 Air System Effect Examples. The following are examples of air system effects:
- 8.4 Hydronic System-Effect Examples. The following are examples of hydronic system effects:
- 9. HVAC&R SYSTEM SURVEY TEST AND ANALYSIS
- 9.1 Scope. This section sets forth the requirements for the survey of shipboard and cargo heating, ventilating, and cooling. In addition, this section discusses refrigeration systems and analysis of installed performance versus design or required per...
- 9.2 General. New or existing systems that do not meet operating requirements shall be tested and investigated to determine the cause. The procedures for survey testing, investigation, and reporting shall be uniform and follow this standard. Compariso...
- 9.3 Description
- 9.4 Uniform Procedures
- 9.5 Condition of the Equipment. The external condition of the equipment shall be determined by visual observation. Record information from the observation and complement with pictures. Record the following observations:
- 9.6 Capacity Verification. The following verifications shall be performed:
- 10. VERIFICATION OF AUTOMATION FOR HVAC&R SYSTEMS
- 10.1 Scope. This section sets forth the requirements for verification and calibration of automation systems onboard ship. All HVAC&R control and data logging systems are included in this section. Requirements for installation of telemetering devices ...
- 10.2 General. Ensure that adequate documentation exists to allow the ship’s crew to troubleshoot, repair, and operate the control system. The documentation shall include control sequences of operation, product data information for all control devic...
- 10.3 General Requirements. The following general requirements should be used:
- 10.4 Requirements for All Control Systems
- 11. AIR MEASUREMENTS
- 11.1 Scope. This section sets forth the techniques for the following tasks:
- 11.2 General. This section will apply to both new and existing shipboard HVAC systems. Certain characteristics describing system performance shall be measured directly; others should be calculated from measured data. This section contains methods for...
- 11.3 Temperature
- 11.4 Air Density
- 11.5 Pressure
- Figure 1 Deficient duct system performance because of system effect.
- 11.6 Air Flow Rate
- 12. AIR SYSTEM TESTING, ADJUSTING, AND BALANCING
- 12.1 Scope. This section sets forth the requirements for the testing, adjusting and balancing of shipboard air systems.
- 12.2 General. The requirements set forth in this section apply to new and existing shipboard HVAC supply, return air and exhaust air systems. The requirements of Section 5, Instruments, and Section 11, Air Measurements, shall be met for all system te...
- 12.3 Procedure Prerequisites and System Preparation
- 12.4 Air System Testing, Adjusting and Balancing
- 12.5 Thermal Performance Verification. Set the control system to simulate design conditions. Measure and record the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures for the following:
- 12.6 Outside Air Ventilation Verification. Verification of the outside air flow is necessary to assure that the design minimum ventilation rate is being met. Determine the minimum outside air flow rate from the design documents. Determine the total s...
- 13. HYDRONIC MEASUREMENTS
- 13.1 Scope. This section sets forth the requirements for the hydronic measurements onboard ship.
- 13.2 General
- 13.3 Hydronic Measurements at Branch Piping. Hydronic measurements shall be Taken at branch piping. Branch piping shall be fitted with an isolation valve, a flow meter, and a separate balancing valve for accurate flow measurements. Measure flow for d...
- 13.4 Hydronic Measurements at Coils. Temperature readings are required. The dry-bulb and wet-bulb measurements will be air temperatures entering and leaving the coil and water temperature entering and leaving the coil. A digital thermometer with the ...
- 13.5 Record Measurements. Measurements shall be recorded on the proper forms when final tests are performed. Only final measurements used for final balancing shall be recorded for the final report.
- 13.6 Hydronic System Operation Verification Measurements
- 14. HYDRONIC SYSTEM TESTING AND BALANCING
- 14.1 Scope. This section sets forth the requirements for testing and balancing hydronic systems onboard ship. It covers all thermal transfer fluids, steam, and condensate. Requirements for installation of flow measuring and balancing devices are in S...
- 14.2 General. CAUTION: NEVER SHUT OFF ALL FLOW FROM A POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMP. Damage to equipment and hazard to people may result from improper operation of the equipment. It is therefore necessary to become familiar with the manufacturer’s rec...
- 14.3 Procedure Prerequisites.
- 14.4 Test and Balance Procedure
- 14.5 Variable-Flow Hydronic Systems. Set variable-flow system to constant flow by opening all control valves to full flow. Balance the system as described in Section 14.4, starting at the pump. A typical variable flow is when two-way control valves e...
- 14.6 Primary and Secondary Loops
- 14.7 Operation of Controls and Control Sequence. The following shall be verified:
- 14.8 Reports. Test and balance measurements and adjustments shall be recorded in a report on approved data sheets. Data that do not comply within design tolerances shall be listed on deficiency forms. Upon completion of each test, these forms shall b...
- 15. REFRIGERATION SYSTEM TESTING
- 15.1 Scope. The tests in this section are limited to instantaneous performance tests for shipboard refrigeration systems. The tests are not unit capacity rating and / or certified performance tests including full or part load tests. Actual unit capac...
- 15.2 General. In this section, refrigeration includes all sources of mechanical cooling and related air- or water- cooled condensers used in shipboard refrigeration systems. The procedures for survey tests, investigating, and reporting shall be unifo...
- 15.3 Preliminary TAB Procedures for Refrigeration System Testing
- 15.4 Refrigeration Equipment
- 16. REPORTING PROCEDURES AND FORMS
- 16.1 Scope. This section sets forth an outline for the report of operating conditions versus designed conditions within specified tolerances.
- 16.2 Reporting Procedures. There shall be a logical approach to preparing forms and recording data. This section will list form titles and entries commonly used and enable the forms to be designed to suit each company or project. Not all entries will...
- 16.3 Standard Items Required in the Report. The report shall include the following:
- 16.4 Forms, Titles, and Entries. Listed below are the forms, titles, and entries required for testing and balancing. Each form has a variety of detailed parts requiring specific entries. All performance test data should be compared to the design data...
- 16.5 Special System Reports. Special system reports shall include the following:
- 16.6 Instrumentation Calibration Reports. Instrumentation calibration reports shall include the following:
- 16.7 Deficiency Reports. Deficiency reports shall include the following:
- 16.8 The Final Test and Balance Report. The final test and balance report shall meet the following requirements:
- 16.9 Compliance. The test and balance report, or reports, for other phases of work included within these procedures, shall meet the following requirements:
- 17. NORMATIVE REFERENCES
- A1. Procedure
- A2. Belt-Sizing Procedure
- B1. Procedure
- B1.1 Power Factor (PF):
- C1. Procedure
- C2. Pump Equations
- C2.1 SI Units
- C2.2 I-P Units
- C2.3 Hydronic Equivalents SI to I-P
- C2.4 Pumps
- C2.5 Pump Performance Curves
- C2.6 Capacity Calculations
- Figure D-1 Log linear rule for traverse points on two diameters of a circular duct.
- Figure D-2 Traverse locations for five equal area rings and ten equal rings in flat oval duct.
- Figure D-3 Traverse locations using equal area rule in a rectangular duct.
- Figure D-4 Traverse locations using log-Tchebycheff rule in a rectangular duct. [Go to Page]
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