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eLibrary >
20/30414814 DC BS EN 60953-0. Rules for steam turbine thermal acceptance tests - Part 0. Wide range of accuracy for various types and sizes of turbines >
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20/30414814 DC BS EN 60953-0. Rules for steam turbine thermal acceptance tests - Part 0. Wide range of accuracy for various types and sizes of turbines, 2020
- 5_229e_CD.pdf [Go to Page]
- FOREWORD 8
- INTRODUCTION 10
- 1 Scope 13
- 1.1 General 13
- 1.2 Object 13
- 1.3 Matters to be considered in the contract 13
- 2 Normative references 14
- 3 Units, symbols, terms and definitions 14
- 3.1 General 14
- 3.2 Symbols, units 14
- 3.3 Subscripts, superscripts and definitions 16
- 3.4 Definition of guarantee values and test results 17
- 3.4.1 Thermal efficiency 18
- 3.4.2 Heat rate 20
- 3.4.3 Thermodynamic efficiency 20
- 3.4.4 Steam rate 21
- 3.4.5 Main steam flow capacity 21
- 3.4.6 Power output 21
- 3.4.7 Guarantee values for extraction and mixed-pressure turbines 21
- 3.4.8 Thermal Load Capacity (for Nuclear applications) 22
- 4 Guiding principles 22
- 4.1 Advance planning for test 22
- 4.2 Preparatory agreements and arrangements for tests 23
- 4.3 Planning of the test 24
- 4.3.1 Time for acceptance tests 24
- 4.3.2 Direction of acceptance tests 24
- 4.4 Preparation of the tests 24
- 4.4.1 Condition of the plant 24
- 4.4.2 Condition of the steam turbine 25
- 4.4.3 Condition of the condenser 25
- 4.4.4 Isolation of the cycle 25
- 4.4.5 Checks for leakage of condenser and feed water heaters 28
- 4.4.6 Cleanliness of the steam strainers 28
- 4.4.7 Checking of the test measuring equipment 28
- 4.5 Comparison measurements 28
- 4.6 Settings for tests 29
- 4.6.1 Load settings 29
- 4.6.2 Special settings 29
- 4.7 Preliminary tests 29
- 4.8 Acceptance tests 30
- 4.8.1 Constancy of test conditions 30
- 4.8.2 Maximum deviation and fluctuation in test conditions 30
- 4.8.3 Duration of test runs and frequency of reading 31
- 4.8.4 Reading of integrating measuring instruments 31
- 4.8.5 Alternative methods 31
- 4.8.6 Recording of tests 32
- 4.8.7 Additional measurement 32
- 4.8.8 Preliminary calculations 32
- 4.8.9 Consistency and number of tests 32
- 4.9 Repetition of acceptance tests 32
- 5 Measuring techniques and measuring instruments 32
- 5.1 General 32
- 5.1.1 Measuring instruments 33
- 5.1.2 Measuring uncertainty 33
- 5.1.3 Calibration of instruments 33
- 5.1.4 Alternative instrumentation 33
- 5.2 Measurement of power 37
- 5.2.1 Determination of mechanical turbine output 37
- 5.2.2 Measurement of boiler feed pump power 37
- 5.2.3 Determination of electrical power of a turbine generator 38
- 5.2.4 Measurement of electrical power 38
- 5.2.5 Electrical instrument connections 39
- 5.2.6 Electrical instruments 39
- 5.2.7 Instrument transformers 39
- 5.3 Flow measurement 39
- 5.3.1 Determination of flows to be measured 39
- 5.3.2 Measurement of primary water flow 40
- 5.3.3 Installation and location of differential pressure devices 41
- 5.3.4 Differential pressure measurements 42
- 5.3.5 Water flow fluctuation 43
- 5.3.6 Secondary flow measurements 43
- 5.3.7 Occasional secondary flows 45
- 5.3.8 Density of water and steam 46
- 5.3.9 Determination of cooling water flow of condenser 46
- 5.4 Pressure measurement (excluding condensing turbine exhaust pressure) 47
- 5.4.1 Pressures to be measured 47
- 5.4.2 Instruments 47
- 5.4.3 Main pressure measurements 47
- 5.4.4 Pressure tapping holes and connecting lines 48
- 5.4.5 Shut-off valves 48
- 5.4.6 Calibration of pressure measuring devices 49
- 5.4.7 Atmospheric pressure 49
- 5.4.8 Correction of readings 49
- 5.5 Condensing turbine exhaust pressure measurement 50
- 5.5.1 General 50
- 5.5.2 Plane of measurement 50
- 5.5.3 Pressure taps 50
- 5.5.4 Manifolds 51
- 5.5.5 Connecting lines 51
- 5.5.6 Instruments 51
- 5.5.7 Calibration 51
- 5.6 Temperature measurement 51
- 5.6.1 Points of temperature measurement 51
- 5.6.2 Instruments 51
- 5.6.3 Main temperature measurements 52
- 5.6.4 Feed train temperature measurements (including bled steam) 52
- 5.6.5 Condenser cooling water temperature measurement 53
- 5.6.6 Thermometer wells 53
- 5.6.7 Precautions to be observed in the measurement of temperature 53
- 5.7 Steam quality measurement 54
- 5.7.1 General 54
- 5.7.2 Tracer technique 54
- 5.7.3 Condensing method 54
- 5.7.4 Constant rate injection method 58
- 5.7.5 Extraction enthalpy determined by constant rate injection method 58
- 5.7.6 Tracers and their use 60
- 5.8 Time measurement 61
- 5.9 Speed measurement 61
- 6 Evaluation of tests 61
- 6.1 Preparation of evaluation 61
- 6.2 Computation of results 62
- 6.2.1 Calculation of average values of instrument readings 62
- 6.2.2 Correction and conversion of averaged readings 62
- 6.2.3 Checking of measured data 62
- 6.2.4 Thermodynamic properties of steam and water 63
- 6.2.5 Calculation of test results 64
- 7 Correction of test results and comparison with guarantee 64
- 7.1 Guarantee values and guarantee conditions 64
- 7.2 Correction of initial steam flow capacity 64
- 7.3 Correction of output 64
- 7.3.1 Correction of maximum output 64
- 7.3.2 Correction of Output with specified initial steam flow 65
- 7.4 Correction of the thermal performance 65
- 7.5 Definition and application of correction values 65
- 7.6 Correction methods 66
- 7.6.1 Correction by heat balance calculation 67
- 7.6.2 Correction by use of correction curves prepared by the manufacturer 67
- 7.6.3 Tests to determine correction values 67
- 7.7 Variables to be considered in the correction of specific turbine cycles 68
- 7.7.1 Turbines with regenerative feed-water heating 68
- 7.7.2 Turbines which have no provision for the addition or extraction of steam after partial expansion 69
- 7.7.3 Turbines with steam extraction for purposes other than feed-water heating (extraction turbines) 70
- 7.7.4 Other types of turbine 70
- 7.8 Guarantee comparison 70
- 7.8.1 Guarantee comparison with locus curve 70
- 7.8.2 Guarantee comparison with guarantee point 71
- 7.8.3 Guarantee comparison for turbines with throttle governing 71
- 7.8.4 Guarantee comparison for extraction turbines 72
- 7.9 Deterioration of turbine performance (ageing) 72
- 7.9.1 Correction with comparison tests 72
- 7.9.2 Correction without comparison tests 72
- 8 Measuring uncertainty 73
- 8.1 General 73
- 8.2 Determination of measuring uncertainty of steam and water properties 74
- 8.2.1 Pressure 74
- 8.2.2 Temperature 74
- 8.2.3 Enthalpy and enthalpy difference 74
- 8.3 Calculation of measuring uncertainty of output 75
- 8.3.1 Electrical measurement 75
- 8.3.2 Mechanical measurement 76
- 8.3.3 Additional uncertainty allowance because of unsteady load conditions 76
- 8.4 Determination of measuring uncertainty of mass flow 77
- 8.4.1 Measuring uncertainty of mass flow measurements 77
- 8.4.2 Measuring uncertainty of multiple measurements of primary flow 77
- 8.4.3 Uncertainty allowance for cycle imperfections 77
- 8.5 Calculation of measuring uncertainty of results 78
- 8.5.1 General 78
- 8.5.2 Measuring uncertainty of thermal efficiency 78
- 8.5.3 Measuring uncertainty of thermodynamic efficiency 78
- 8.5.4 Uncertainty of corrections 79
- 8.5.5 Guiding values for the measuring uncertainty of results 79
- 8.6 Example uncertainty calculation 81
- Annex A (normative) FEEDWATER HEATER LEAKAGE AND CONDENSER LEAKAGE TESTS 82
- A.1 Feedwater heater leakage tests 82
- A.2 Condenser leakage tests 82
- Annex B (normative) EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE MEASUREMENTS, COMPATIBILITY 83
- Annex C (normative) MASS FLOW BALANCES 84
- Annex D (informative) SHORT-STATISTICAL DEFINITION OF MEASURING UNCERTAINTY AND ERROR PROPAGATION IN ACCEPTANCE TESTS 87
- Annex E (informative) TEMPERATURE VARIATION METHOD 90
- E.1 Description of the problem 90
- E.2 Possibility to determine the leakage flow 90
- E.3 Applied example 92
- Bibliography 96
- Figure 1a – Reheating regenerative condensing turbine with feed-water heating 19
- Figure 1b. - Straight condensing or back-pressure turbine without feed-heating. 20
- Figure 1c. - Extraction condensing or back-pressure turbine without feed-heating. 20
- Figure 1 – Diagrams for interpretation of symbols and subscripts. 20
- Figure 2 – Diagram showing location and type of test instrumentation (fossil fuel plant). 34
- Figure 3 – Diagram showing location and type of test instrumentation (nuclear plant). 35
- Figure 4 – Throttle steam quality calculations for boiling water reactor. 56
- Figure 5 – Throttle steam quality calculations for pressurized water reactor. 57
- Figure 6 – Typical installation of injection and sampling points. 59
- Figure 7 – Oxygen content of sample stream. 60
- Figure 8a. - Locus curve of initial steam flow. 71
- Figure 8b. - Locus curve as function of output. 71
- Figure 8 – Guarantee comparison on locus curve. 71
- Figure 9 – Correction factor for steam table tolerance. 75
- Figure C.1 – Diagram of cycle for plant with steam turbine with single reheating and five stages of regenerative feedwater heating extraction. 85
- Figure E.1 – IP turbine bowl expansion line depending on different labyrinth flow rates 91
- Figure E.2 – Schematic diagram of a combined HP/IP1/IP2 turbine 92
- Figure E.3 – Result of temperature variation tests. IP2 turbine bowl efficiency as a function of the labyrinth flow rate (sealing 2) for varying live and reheat temperatures 95
- Table 1 – Maximum deviations and fluctuations in operating conditions 30
- Table 2 – Acceptable instrumentation and uncertainties for acceptance tests 36
- Table 3 – Apportionment of unaccounted leakages 63
- Table 4 – average deterioration by ageing 72
- Table 5 – deterioration of Thermal Efficiency and Power Output 73
- Table 6 – Guiding values for the uncertainty of test results 79
- Table E.1 – Measured thermodynamic parameters and calculated IP2 turbine bowl isentropic efficiencies 94
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope [Go to Page]
- 1.1 General
- 1.2 Object
- 1.3 Matters to be considered in the contract
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Units, symbols, terms and definitions [Go to Page]
- 3.1 General
- 3.2 Symbols, units
- 3.3 Subscripts, superscripts and definitions
- 3.4 Definition of guarantee values and test results [Go to Page]
- 3.4.1 Thermal efficiency
- 3.4.2 Heat rate
- 3.4.3 Thermodynamic efficiency
- 3.4.4 Steam rate
- 3.4.5 Main steam flow capacity
- 3.4.6 Power output
- 3.4.7 Guarantee values for extraction and mixed-pressure turbines
- 3.4.8 Thermal Load Capacity (for Nuclear applications)
- 4 Guiding principles [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Advance planning for test
- 4.2 Preparatory agreements and arrangements for tests
- 4.3 Planning of the test [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 Time for acceptance tests
- 4.3.2 Direction of acceptance tests
- 4.4 Preparation of the tests [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 Condition of the plant
- 4.4.2 Condition of the steam turbine
- 4.4.3 Condition of the condenser
- 4.4.4 Isolation of the cycle [Go to Page]
- 4.4.4.1 Isolation of equipment and flows
- 4.4.4.2 Flows which shall be determined if not isolated
- 4.4.4.3 Suggested methods and/ or devices for isolating equipment from turbine feedwater cycle
- 4.4.5 Checks for leakage of condenser and feed water heaters
- 4.4.6 Cleanliness of the steam strainers
- 4.4.7 Checking of the test measuring equipment
- 4.5 Comparison measurements
- 4.6 Settings for tests [Go to Page]
- 4.6.1 Load settings
- 4.6.2 Special settings
- 4.7 Preliminary tests
- 4.8 Acceptance tests [Go to Page]
- 4.8.1 Constancy of test conditions
- 4.8.2 Maximum deviation and fluctuation in test conditions
- 4.8.3 Duration of test runs and frequency of reading
- 4.8.4 Reading of integrating measuring instruments
- 4.8.5 Alternative methods
- 4.8.6 Recording of tests
- 4.8.7 Additional measurement
- 4.8.8 Preliminary calculations
- 4.8.9 Consistency and number of tests
- 4.9 Repetition of acceptance tests
- 5 Measuring techniques and measuring instruments [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General [Go to Page]
- 5.1.1 Measuring instruments
- 5.1.2 Measuring uncertainty
- 5.1.3 Calibration of instruments
- 5.1.4 Alternative instrumentation
- 5.2 Measurement of power [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Determination of mechanical turbine output
- 5.2.2 Measurement of boiler feed pump power
- 5.2.3 Determination of electrical power of a turbine generator
- 5.2.4 Measurement of electrical power
- 5.2.5 Electrical instrument connections
- 5.2.6 Electrical instruments
- 5.2.7 Instrument transformers
- 5.3 Flow measurement [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Determination of flows to be measured
- 5.3.2 Measurement of primary water flow [Go to Page]
- 5.3.2.1 Differential pressure devices for measuring primary water or steam flow
- 5.3.2.2 Calibration of primary flow devices for water flow
- 5.3.2.3 Calibration of differential pressure devices for water flow
- 5.3.2.4 Inspection of differential pressure devices
- 5.3.3 Installation and location of differential pressure devices
- 5.3.4 Differential pressure measurements
- 5.3.5 Water flow fluctuation
- 5.3.6 Secondary flow measurements [Go to Page]
- 5.3.6.1 Extraction steam flows to feed heaters
- 5.3.6.2 HP heater drains
- 5.3.6.3 Moisture separator and reheater drains
- 5.3.6.4 Boiler feed pump turbine steam supply
- 5.3.6.5 Turbine gland leakages
- 5.3.6.6 Desuperheating spray water flow
- 5.3.6.7 Boiler feed pump gland sealing and balance water flow
- 5.3.6.8 Stored water changes
- 5.3.6.9 Leakage determination
- 5.3.7 Occasional secondary flows [Go to Page]
- 5.3.7.1 Ejector steam
- 5.3.7.2 Make-up flow
- 5.3.7.3 Water seals
- 5.3.7.4 Auxiliary exhaust steam
- 5.3.8 Density of water and steam
- 5.3.9 Determination of cooling water flow of condenser
- 5.4 Pressure measurement (excluding condensing turbine exhaust pressure) [Go to Page]
- 5.4.1 Pressures to be measured
- 5.4.2 Instruments [Go to Page]
- 5.4.2.1 Transducers
- 5.4.3 Main pressure measurements
- 5.4.4 Pressure tapping holes and connecting lines [Go to Page]
- 5.4.4.1 For pressures always above atmospheric pressure
- 5.4.4.2 For pressures around atmospheric pressure
- 5.4.4.3 For pressures always below atmospheric pressure
- 5.4.5 Shut-off valves
- 5.4.6 Calibration of pressure measuring devices
- 5.4.7 Atmospheric pressure
- 5.4.8 Correction of readings [Go to Page]
- 5.4.8.1 Corrections for the water head
- 5.5 Condensing turbine exhaust pressure measurement [Go to Page]
- 5.5.1 General
- 5.5.2 Plane of measurement
- 5.5.3 Pressure taps
- 5.5.4 Manifolds
- 5.5.5 Connecting lines
- 5.5.6 Instruments
- 5.5.7 Calibration
- 5.6 Temperature measurement [Go to Page]
- 5.6.1 Points of temperature measurement
- 5.6.2 Instruments
- 5.6.3 Main temperature measurements
- 5.6.4 Feed train temperature measurements (including bled steam)
- 5.6.5 Condenser cooling water temperature measurement
- 5.6.6 Thermometer wells
- 5.6.7 Precautions to be observed in the measurement of temperature
- 5.7 Steam quality measurement [Go to Page]
- 5.7.1 General
- 5.7.2 Tracer technique
- 5.7.3 Condensing method
- 5.7.4 Constant rate injection method
- 5.7.5 Extraction enthalpy determined by constant rate injection method [Go to Page]
- 5.7.5.1 Injection points
- 5.7.5.2 Sampling points
- 5.7.5.3 Sampling flow rates
- 5.7.6 Tracers and their use [Go to Page]
- 5.7.6.1 Radioactive tracers
- 5.7.6.2 Non-radioactive tracer
- 5.8 Time measurement
- 5.9 Speed measurement
- 6 Evaluation of tests [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Preparation of evaluation
- 6.2 Computation of results [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Calculation of average values of instrument readings
- 6.2.2 Correction and conversion of averaged readings
- 6.2.3 Checking of measured data [Go to Page]
- 6.2.3.1 Compatibility
- 6.2.3.2 Evaluation of multiple measurements
- 6.2.3.3 Mass flow balances
- 6.2.3.4 Leakages
- 6.2.4 Thermodynamic properties of steam and water
- 6.2.5 Calculation of test results
- 7 Correction of test results and comparison with guarantee [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Guarantee values and guarantee conditions
- 7.2 Correction of initial steam flow capacity
- 7.3 Correction of output [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 Correction of maximum output
- 7.3.2 Correction of Output with specified initial steam flow
- 7.4 Correction of the thermal performance
- 7.5 Definition and application of correction values
- 7.6 Correction methods [Go to Page]
- 7.6.1 Correction by heat balance calculation
- 7.6.2 Correction by use of correction curves prepared by the manufacturer
- 7.6.3 Tests to determine correction values
- 7.7 Variables to be considered in the correction of specific turbine cycles [Go to Page]
- 7.7.1 Turbines with regenerative feed-water heating
- 7.7.2 Turbines which have no provision for the addition or extraction of steam after partial expansion
- 7.7.3 Turbines with steam extraction for purposes other than feed-water heating (extraction turbines)
- 7.7.4 Other types of turbine
- 7.8 Guarantee comparison [Go to Page]
- 7.8.1 Guarantee comparison with locus curve
- 7.8.2 Guarantee comparison with guarantee point
- 7.8.3 Guarantee comparison for turbines with throttle governing
- 7.8.4 Guarantee comparison for extraction turbines
- 7.9 Deterioration of turbine performance (ageing) [Go to Page]
- 7.9.1 Correction with comparison tests
- 7.9.2 Correction without comparison tests
- 8 Measuring uncertainty [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- 8.2 Determination of measuring uncertainty of steam and water properties [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 Pressure
- 8.2.2 Temperature
- 8.2.3 Enthalpy and enthalpy difference
- 8.3 Calculation of measuring uncertainty of output [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 Electrical measurement
- 8.3.2 Mechanical measurement
- 8.3.3 Additional uncertainty allowance because of unsteady load conditions
- 8.4 Determination of measuring uncertainty of mass flow [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 Measuring uncertainty of mass flow measurements
- 8.4.2 Measuring uncertainty of multiple measurements of primary flow
- 8.4.3 Uncertainty allowance for cycle imperfections
- 8.5 Calculation of measuring uncertainty of results [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 General
- 8.5.2 Measuring uncertainty of thermal efficiency
- 8.5.3 Measuring uncertainty of thermodynamic efficiency
- 8.5.4 Uncertainty of corrections
- 8.5.5 Guiding values for the measuring uncertainty of results
- 8.6 Example uncertainty calculation
- Annex A (normative) FEEDWATER HEATER LEAKAGE AND CONDENSER LEAKAGE TESTS [Go to Page]
- A.1 Feedwater heater leakage tests
- A.2 Condenser leakage tests
- Annex B (normative) EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE MEASUREMENTS, COMPATIBILITY
- Annex C (normative) MASS FLOW BALANCES
- Annex D (informative) SHORT-STATISTICAL DEFINITION OF MEASURING UNCERTAINTY AND ERROR PROPAGATION IN ACCEPTANCE TESTS
- Annex E (informative) TEMPERATURE VARIATION METHOD [Go to Page]
- E.1 Description of the problem
- E.2 Possibility to determine the leakage flow
- E.3 Applied example
- Bibliography
- Word Bookmarks [Go to Page]
- HORIZONTAL_STD
- FUNCTION_EMC
- FUNCTION_ENV
- FUNCTION_QUA
- FUNCTION_SAFETY
- Annex_B
- Annex_C
- Annex_D
- Annex_E [Go to Page]
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