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PD IEC TR 63401-2:2022 Dynamic characteristics of inverter-based resources in bulk power systems - Sub- and super-synchronous control interactions, 2022
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- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Multi-frequency oscillations in the modern power systemwith high-share of renewables and power electronic converters
- 4 Terms, definitions and classification [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Existing terms, definitions and historical background [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1 General
- Figure 2 – Timeline of the historical developments of SSO terms,definitions and classification [12] [Go to Page]
- 4.1.2 Subsynchronous resonance (SSR)
- Figure 3 – Terms and classification of SSR by IEEE [13] [Go to Page]
- 4.1.3 Device dependent SSO (DDSSO)
- 4.2 Necessity to revisit the terms and classification
- 4.3 Revisiting the terms and classification [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 General
- 4.3.2 Torsional interaction
- Figure 4 – Classification of subsynchronous interaction based on the origin [12]
- Figure 5 – Reclassification of subsynchronous interactionsbased on the interaction mechanism [Go to Page]
- 4.3.3 Network resonance
- 4.3.4 Control interaction
- 4.4 Clause summary
- 5 SSCI incidents in real-world wind power systems [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- Figure 6 – Timeline of SSCI events reported around the world
- 5.2 SSCI in DFIGs connected to series-compensated networks [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 ERCOT SSCI incident in 2009
- Figure 7 – Structure of the ERCOT wind power system in 2009 [16] [Go to Page]
- 5.2.2 ERCOT SSCI events in 2017
- Figure 8 – Oscilloscope record of the 2009 SSCI event in the ERCOT system [19]
- Figure 9 – Structure of the ERCOT wind power system in 2017 [24]
- Figure 10 – Event#1 August 24, 2017: current, voltage and frequency spectrumof the current during the SSCI event and after bypassing the series capacitor [24] [Go to Page]
- 5.2.3 SSCI events in Guyuan wind power system
- Figure 11 – Event#2 September 27, 2017: current, voltage and frequencyspectrum of the current during the SSCI event [24]
- Figure 12 – Event#3 October 27, 2017: current, voltage and frequency spectrumof the current during the SSCI event [24]
- Figure 13 – Geographical layout of the Guyuan wind power system, Hebei Province, China
- Figure 14 – Power flow measured at the 200 kV side of the Guyuan step-up transformer
- Figure 15 – Field recorded line current and frequency spectrum
- Figure 16 – Field recorded voltage and frequency spectrum
- 5.3 SSCI in FSC-based generators connected to weak AC network [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 SSCI event in Hami wind power system
- Figure 17 – Hami wind power system, Xinjiang, China [27]
- Figure 18 – Current (upper plot) and active power (lower plot)
- Figure 19 – Frequency spectrum of the current (upper plot) and active power (lower plot)
- Figure 20 – Field measured active power of a wind farm (a) From 09:46 to 09:47(b) From 11:52 to 11:53
- Figure 21 – Torsional modes and frequency variation of the unstable oscillation
- 5.4 Clause summary
- Figure 22 – Torsional speed of modes 1 to 3 of unit #2 in Plant M
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – Comparison of the characteristics of real-world SSCI events
- 6 Modeling and analysis approaches [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Preview
- 6.2 Time-domain modeling and analysis approaches [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 General
- 6.2.2 Nonlinear time-domain EMT simulation
- 6.2.3 Controller hardware-in-the-loop simulation
- 6.2.4 Linearized state-space modeling and modal analysis
- Figure 23 – Configuration of CHIL simulation [Go to Page]
- 6.2.5 Discussions on time-domain approaches for SSCI studies
- 6.3 Frequency-domain modeling and analysis approaches [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Frequency scanning
- Table 2 – Main Features of time-domain approaches for SSCI studies [Go to Page]
- 6.3.2 Complex torque coefficient method
- 6.3.3 Impedance-based modeling and analysis
- Figure 24 – Three-phase subsystem represented in the dq domainusing equivalent small-signal impedance
- Figure 25 – Three-phase subsystem represented in the sequencedomain using equivalent small-signal impedance
- Figure 26 – Impedance measurement in a simple system
- Figure 27 – A simple system in the impedance model, consistingof two separable components: source and load
- Figure 28 – Impedance model with voltage and current as input andoutput of the source and load sides; system stability is determinedby the two transfer function matrices, Zs(s) and Zl(s)
- Figure 29 – The unified dq-frame INM of a typical power system
- 6.4 Guidelines on the approaches to SSCI studies
- 6.5 Clause summary
- 7 Proposed benchmark models [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Overview
- 7.2 Benchmark model based on Guyuan wind power system [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 General
- Figure 30 – Recommended guidelines for the SSCI stability analysisof a real-world wind power system [Go to Page]
- 7.2.2 Configuration and parameters of the WTGs and Guyuan substation
- 7.2.3 Parameters of the DFIG's converter control
- 7.2.4 Series-compensated electrical network
- 7.2.5 Case study
- Figure 31 – One-line diagram of the proposed benchmark model adoptedfrom the Guyuan wind power system
- 7.3 Benchmark model based on Hami wind power system [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 General
- Figure 32 – Simulation results of benchmark model (a) phase A current (b) frequency spectrum of the current (c) subsynchronous current component
- Figure 33 – One-line diagram of the proposed benchmarkmodel adopted from the Hami wind power system [Go to Page]
- 7.3.2 Configuration and parameters of FSCs
- 7.3.3 Configuration and parameters of LCC-HVDC
- Figure 34 – The structure of the LCC HVDC system
- Figure 35 – AC filters and reactive power compensations
- Figure 36 – Three tuned DC filtersTT12/24/45 [Go to Page]
- 7.3.4 Synchronous generators
- 7.3.5 Electrical network
- 7.3.6 Case studies
- Figure 37 – The common electrical network
- 7.4 Clause summary
- 8 Mitigation methods [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- Figure 38 – SSO in the second benchmark model (a) the SG rotor speed(b) subsynchronous frequency component in the speed(c) time-frequency analysis of the rotor speed
- 8.2 Bypassing the series capacitor
- 8.3 Selective tripping of WTGs
- 8.4 Network/Grid-side subsynchronous damping controller (GSDC)
- Figure 39 – A system-wide SSCI mitigation scheme based on selective tripping of WTGs
- Figure 40 – (a) A series-compensated wind power system with GSDC(b) design and configuration of GSDC including SSDC and SCG
- 8.5 Generation-side subsynchronous mitigation schemes [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 Adjusting the wind turbine converter control parameters
- Figure 41 – CHIL test results of GSDC (a) active power (b) subsynchronous current [Go to Page]
- 8.5.2 Adding an SSDC in the RSC control loop
- Figure 42 – SSCI mitigation by increasing the Kp of the inner controllers of the GSC(a) voltage at PCC (b) current phase-A (c) active and reactive power
- Figure 43 – SSCI mitigation by reducing the PLL bandwidth (a) voltage at PCC(b) current phase-A (c) active and reactive power
- Figure 44 – Control diagram of the virtual resistor for DFIG's RSC controllers
- Figure 45 – The SSCI damped out when the virtual resistor is enabled at 2 seconds in simulation (a) voltage at PCC (b) current phase-A (c) active and reactive power [Go to Page]
- 8.5.3 Adding an SSDC in the GSC control loop
- Figure 46 – Control diagram of GSC of a typical FSC wind turbine
- Figure 47 – The SSCI mitigated after the virtual resistor is switched-on (a) voltage at PCC (b) current phase-A (c) active and reactive power
- 8.6 Protection schemes
- 8.7 Clause summary
- 9 Future work
- Annex A (Informative) [Go to Page]
- Table A.1 – Number of DFIGs in the wind farms of Guyuan system
- Table A.2 – DFIG and step-up transformer parameters (Base capacity = 1,5 MW)
- Table A.3 – GSC control parameters
- Table A.4 – RSC control parameters
- Table A.5 – Transmission lines and their parameters in Guyuan wind power system
- Table A.6 – Electrical parameters of the VSC
- Table A.7 – Specific parameters of the converter transformer
- Table A.8 – Parameters of AC filters on the rectifier side (800 MW)
- Table A.9 – Parameters of AC filters on the inverter side (800 MW)
- Table A.10 – The control parameters of the LCC-HVDC system
- Table A.11 – The rated parameters and electrical parametersof the synchronous generator
- Table A.12 – 660 MW steam turbine shafting equivalent lumped parameters
- Table A.13 – The common electrical network parameters (500 kV transmission line)
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
