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PD IEC TS 60034-25:2022 Rotating electrical machines - AC electrical machines used in power drive systems. Application guide, 2022
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- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- 4 System characteristics [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General
- 4.2 System information
- 4.3 Torque/speed considerations [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 General
- 4.3.2 Torque/speed capability
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Torque/speed capability [Go to Page]
- 4.3.3 Electrical machine rating
- 4.3.4 Limiting factors on torque/speed capability
- Figure 2 – Current required by motor [Go to Page]
- 4.3.5 Safe operating speed, over-speed capability and over-speed test
- 4.3.6 Cooling arrangement
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – Significant factors affecting torque/speed capability [Go to Page]
- 4.3.7 Voltage/frequency characteristics
- 4.3.8 Resonant speed bands
- Figure 3 – Examples of possible converter output voltage/frequency characteristics [Go to Page]
- 4.3.9 Duty cycles
- 4.4 Electrical machine requirements
- Table 2 – Electrical machine design considerations
- Table 3 – Electrical machine parameters for the tuning of the converter
- 5 Losses and their effects (for induction electrical machines fed from voltage source converters) [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Location of the additional losses due to converter supply and ways to reduce them
- Figure 4 – Example for the dependence of the electrical machine losses caused by harmonics Ph, related to the losses Pf1 at operating frequency f1, on the switchingfrequency fs in case of 2 level voltage source converter supply
- 5.3 Converter features to reduce the electrical machine losses [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Reduction of fundamental losses
- 5.3.2 Reduction of additional losses due to converter supply
- Figure 5 – Example of measured losses PL as a function of frequency f and supply type
- 5.4 Use of filters to reduce additional electrical machine losses due to converter supply
- 5.5 Temperature influence on life expectancy
- Figure 6 – Additional losses ΔPL of an electrical machine (same electrical machine as Figure 5) due to converter supply, as a function of pulse frequency fp, at 50 Hz rotational frequency
- 5.6 Determination of electrical machine efficiency
- 6 Acoustic noise, vibration and torsional oscillation [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Acoustic noise [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 General
- 6.1.2 Changes in noise emission due to changes in speed
- 6.1.3 Magnetically excited noise
- Figure 7 – Relative fan noise as a function of fan speed
- Figure 8 – Vibration modes of the stator core [Go to Page]
- 6.1.4 Sound power level determination and limits
- 6.2 Vibration (excluding torsional oscillation) [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 General
- 6.2.2 Vibration level determination and limits
- 6.3 Torsional oscillation
- 7 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Causes
- Figure 9 – Typical surges at the terminals of an electrical machine fed from a PWM converter
- Figure 10 – Typical voltage surges on one phase at the converter and at the electrical machine terminals (2 ms/division)
- Figure 11 – Individual short rise-time surge from Figure 10 (1 μs/division)
- 7.3 Winding electrical stress
- Figure 12 – Definition of the rise-time tr of the voltage pulse at the electrical machine terminals
- 7.4 Limits and responsibility [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 Electrical machines design for low voltage (≤ 1 000 V)
- Figure 13 – First turn voltage as a function of the rise-time [Go to Page]
- 7.4.2 Electrical machines designed for medium and high voltage (> 1 000 V)
- 7.5 Methods of reduction of voltage stress
- Table 4 – Operating voltage at the terminals in units of UN where the electrical machines may operate reliably without special agreements between manufacturers and system integrators
- 7.6 Insulation stress limitation
- Figure 14 – Discharge pulse occurring as a result of converter generated voltage surge at electrical machine terminals (100 ns/division)
- 8 Bearing currents [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Sources of bearing currents in converter-fed electrical motors [Go to Page]
- 8.1.1 General
- 8.1.2 Circulating currents due to magnetic asymmetry
- 8.1.3 Electrostatic build-up
- 8.1.4 High-frequency effects in converter operation
- Figure 15 – Classification of bearing currents
- Figure 16 – Parasitic impedances to earth of drive system components
- 8.2 Generation of high-frequency bearing currents [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 Common mode voltage
- Figure 17 – Common mode voltage a) determination b) waveform example [Go to Page]
- 8.2.2 Motor HF equivalent circuit and the resulting bearing current types
- Figure 18 – HF equivalent circuit diagram (a) of a motor (b) geometrical representation of capacitances
- Figure 19 – Graphical representation of the different high frequency bearing current types in the drive unit highlighting the involved physical components [Go to Page]
- 8.2.3 Circulating current
- 8.2.4 Rotor ground current
- Figure 20 – Principle of circulating currents formation [Go to Page]
- 8.2.5 Electrostatic Discharge Machining (EDM) currents
- Figure 21 – Rotor ground current principle
- 8.3 Consequences of excessive bearing currents
- Figure 22 – Example of measured EDM-current pulses for a 400 V and 500 kW induction motor in converter operation
- Figure 23 – Photographs of damaged motor bearings
- Table 5 – Different grades of roller bearing damages
- 8.4 Preventing high-frequency bearing current damage [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 Basic approaches
- 8.4.2 Other preventive measures
- Table 6 – Effectiveness of bearing current counter measures [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3 Other factors and features influencing the bearing currents
- 8.5 Additional considerations for electrical motors fed by high voltage source converters [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 General
- 8.5.2 Bearing protection of cage induction, brushless synchronous and permanent magnet electrical motors
- 8.5.3 Bearing protection for slip-ring electrical motors and for synchronous electrical motors with brush excitation
- 8.6 Bearing current protection for electrical motors fed by high-voltage current source converters
- 9 Installation [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Earthing, bonding and cabling [Go to Page]
- 9.1.1 General
- 9.1.2 Earthing
- 9.1.3 Bonding of electrical machines
- 9.1.4 Electrical machine power cables for high switching frequency converters
- Figure 24 – Bonding strap from electrical machine terminal box to electrical machine frame
- Figure 25 – Examples of shielded electrical machine cables and connections
- Figure 26 – Parallel symmetrical cabling of high-power converter and electrical machine
- Figure 27 – Converter connections with 360º HF cable glands showing the Faraday cage
- Figure 28 – Electrical machine end termination with 360º connection
- Figure 29 – Cable shield connection
- 9.2 Reactors and filters [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 General
- 9.2.2 Output reactors
- 9.2.3 Voltage limiting filter (du/dt filter)
- 9.2.4 Sinusoidal filter
- 9.2.5 Electrical machine termination unit
- 9.3 Power factor correction
- Figure 30 – Characteristics of preventative measures
- 9.4 Integral electrical machines (integrated electrical machine and drive modules)
- 10 Additional considerations for permanent magnet (PM) synchronous electrical machines fed by voltage source converters [Go to Page]
- 10.1 System characteristics
- 10.2 Losses and their effects
- 10.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
- 10.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
- 10.5 Bearing currents
- 10.6 Particular aspects of permanent magnets
- 11 Additional considerations for cage induction electrical machines fed by high voltage source converters [Go to Page]
- 11.1 General
- 11.2 System characteristics
- Figure 31 – Schematic of typical three-level converter
- Figure 32 – Output voltage and current from typical three-level converter
- 11.3 Losses and their effects [Go to Page]
- 11.3.1 Additional losses in the stator and rotor winding
- 11.3.2 Measurement of additional losses
- 11.4 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
- 11.5 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses [Go to Page]
- 11.5.1 General
- 11.5.2 Electrical machine terminal overvoltage
- 11.5.3 Stator winding voltage stresses in converter applications
- Figure 33 – Typical first turn voltage ΔU (as a percentageof the line-to-ground voltage) as a function of du/dt
- Figure 34 – Medium-voltage and high-voltage form-wound coil insulating and voltage stress control materials
- 11.6 Bearing currents
- 12 Additional considerations for synchronous electrical machines fed by voltage source converters [Go to Page]
- 12.1 System characteristics
- 12.2 Losses and their effects
- 12.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
- 12.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
- 12.5 Bearing currents
- 13 Additional considerations for cage induction electrical machines fed by block-type current source converters [Go to Page]
- 13.1 System characteristics (see Figure 35 and Figure 36)
- Figure 35 – Schematic of block-type current source converter
- Figure 36 – Current and voltage waveforms of block-type current source converter
- 13.2 Losses and their effects
- Figure 37 – Influence of converter supply on the losses of a cage induction electrical machine (frame size 315 M, design N) with rated values of torque and speed
- 13.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
- 13.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
- 13.5 Bearing currents
- 13.6 Additional considerations for six-phase cage induction electrical machines
- 14 Additional considerations for synchronous electrical machines fed by LCI [Go to Page]
- 14.1 System characteristics
- Figure 38 – Schematic and voltage and current waveforms for a synchronous electrical machine supplied from a current source converter
- 14.2 Losses and their effects
- 14.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
- 14.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
- 14.5 Bearing currents
- 15 Additional considerations for cage induction electrical machines fed by pulsed current source converters (PWM CSI) [Go to Page]
- 15.1 System characteristics (see Figure 39)
- Figure 39 – Schematic of pulsed current source converter
- Figure 40 – Voltages and currents of pulsed current source converter
- 15.2 Losses and their effects
- 15.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
- 15.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
- 15.5 Bearing currents
- 16 Wound rotor induction (asynchronous) electrical machines supplied by voltage source converters in the rotor circuit [Go to Page]
- 16.1 System characteristics
- 16.2 Losses and their effects
- 16.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
- 16.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
- 16.5 Bearing currents
- 17 Other electrical machine/converter systems [Go to Page]
- 17.1 Drives supplied by cyclo-converters
- Figure 41 – Schematic of cyclo-converter
- Figure 42 – Voltage and current waveforms of a cyclo-converter
- 17.2 Wound rotor induction (asynchronous) electrical machines supplied by current source converters in the rotor circuit
- 18 Special consideration for standard fixed-speed induction electrical machines in the scope of IEC 60034-12 when fed from voltage source converter and motor requirements to be considered a converter capable motor [Go to Page]
- 18.1 General
- Figure 43 – Diagram comparing converter capable motor to converter duty motor
- 18.2 Torque derating during converter operation [Go to Page]
- 18.2.1 General
- Figure 44 – Fundamental voltage U1 as a function of operating frequency f1 [Go to Page]
- 18.2.2 Self-cooled motors
- Figure 45 – Torque derating factor for cage induction electrical machines of design N, IC 411 (self-circulating cooling) as a function of operating frequency f1 (example) [Go to Page]
- 18.2.3 Non self-cooled motors
- 18.3 Losses and their effects
- 18.4 Noise, vibrations and torsional oscillation
- 18.5 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses [Go to Page]
- 18.5.1 General
- 18.5.2 Converter capable motor
- 18.6 Bearing currents in converter capable motors
- 18.7 Speed range mechanical limits [Go to Page]
- 18.7.1 General
- 18.7.2 Maximum speed
- 18.7.3 Minimum speed
- 18.8 Overload torque capability
- 18.9 Excess overload current limits [Go to Page]
- 18.9.1 General
- 18.9.2 Converter capable motor
- 18.10 Volts/Hz ratio and voltage boost
- 18.11 Resonance
- 18.12 Hazardous area operation [Go to Page]
- 18.12.1 General
- 18.12.2 Converter capable motor
- 18.13 Unusual service conditions [Go to Page]
- 18.13.1 Converter capable motors
- 18.13.2 Unusual converter-fed applications
- 19 Additional considerations for synchronous reluctance electrical machine fed by voltage source converters [Go to Page]
- 19.1 System characteristics
- 19.2 Losses and their effects
- 19.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
- 19.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
- 19.5 Bearing currents
- 19.6 Particular aspects of synchronous reluctance electrical machines
- Annex A (informative) Converter characteristics [Go to Page]
- A.1 Converter control types [Go to Page]
- A.1.1 General
- A.1.2 Converter type considerations
- A.2 Converter output voltage generation (for voltage source converters) [Go to Page]
- A.2.1 Pulse width modulation (PWM)
- A.2.2 Hysteresis (sliding mode)
- A.2.3 Influence of switching frequency
- Figure A.1 – Effects of switching frequency on electrical machine and converter losses [Go to Page]
- A.2.4 Multi-level converters
- Figure A.2 – Effects of switching frequency on acoustic noise
- Figure A.3 – Effects of switching frequency on torque ripple [Go to Page]
- A.2.5 Parallel converter operation
- Annex B (informative) Output characteristics of 2 level voltage source converter spectra [Go to Page]
- Figure B.1 – Waveform of line-to-line voltage ULL for voltage source converter supply with switching frequency fs = 30 × f1 (example)
- Figure B.2 – Typical output voltage frequency spectra for a constant frequency PWM control versus hysteresis control
- Figure B.3 – Typical output voltage frequency spectra for random frequency PWM versus hysteresis control
- Figure B.4 – Typical output voltage frequency spectra for a two-phase modulated control versus hysteresis modulation
- Figure B.5 – Typical time characteristics of electrical machine current for a Constant frequency PWM control versus hysteresis control
- Figure B.6 – Typical time characteristics of electrical machine current for a two-phase modulated control versus hysteresis modulation
- Annex C (informative) Voltages to be expected at the power interface between converter and electrical machine [Go to Page]
- Figure C.1 – Example of typical voltage curves and parameters ofa two level inverter versus time at the electrical machine terminals (phase to phase voltage; taken from IEC TS 61800-8)
- Annex D (informative) Speed and harmonic capability of converter capable induction motor [Go to Page]
- D.1 General
- D.2 Harmonic capability of converter capable motors
- D.3 Speed capability and derating in variable torque application
- D.4 Speed capability and derating in a constant torque application
- Figure D.1 – Derating curve for harmonic voltages
- Figure D.2 – Torque capability at reduced speeds due to the effects of reduced cooling (applyies to 50 Hz or 60 Hz design N)
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
