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ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice 151 - Sustainable Design of Pipelines: Guidelines for Achieving Advanced Functionality, 2022
- Book_5129_C000 [Go to Page]
- Half Title
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Book_5129_C001 [Go to Page]
- Chapter 1: Introduction and Background
[Go to Page]
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Manual of Practice Organization
- 1.3 Concept of Sustainability
- 1.4 Sustainability and Practice
- 1.5 Manual of Practice General Objectives
- References
- Book_5129_C002 [Go to Page]
- Chapter 2: Pipeline Products
[Go to Page]
- 2.1 Scope Limitations and Purpose
- 2.2 Product Sustainability Assessment
[Go to Page]
- 2.2.1 Performance
- 2.2.2 Environmental
- 2.2.3 Economic (Including Energy)
- 2.2.4 Life Expectancy (Durability)
- 2.2.5 Maintainability and Resiliency
- 2.3 Installation
- 2.4 End of Life
- 2.5 Summary
- References
- Book_5129_C003 [Go to Page]
- Chapter 3: Owner Best Practices
[Go to Page]
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Project Definition and Scoping
- 3.3 Community/Social Sustainability Leadership
- 3.4 Project Leadership Management
- 3.5 Long-Term Planning
- 3.6 Procurement Management
- 3.7 Design/Construction Leadership
- 3.8 Conclusions
- Book_5129_C004 [Go to Page]
- Chapter 4: Planning and Design Best Practices
[Go to Page]
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Planning Considerations
- 4.3 Project Influencers
- 4.4 Owner Goals
[Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 Owner Leadership
- 4.4.2 Community and Social Considerations
- 4.4.3 Engineering Design
- 4.4.4 Trenchless Technology and Engineering Design
- 4.4.5 Construction with Trenchless Technology
- 4.4.6 Bedding and Backfill
- 4.5 Higher Levels of Sustainable Achievement
[Go to Page]
- 4.5.1 Nonstationarity
- 4.5.2 Resilience
- 4.6 Conclusion
- References
- Book_5129_C005 [Go to Page]
- Chapter 5: Sustainable Construction
[Go to Page]
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Designer-Influenced Practices
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- 5.2.1 Embedment and Backfill
- 5.2.2 Inspection and Testing
- 5.2.3 Restoration Requirements
- 5.2.4 Incorporate Appurtenances to Facilitate Maintenance and Repair
- 5.2.5 Installation Methods
- 5.2.6 Information Management/Document Control
- 5.2.7 Contracting/Procurement Methods
- 5.3 Contractor-Influenced Practices
[Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions during Construction
- 5.3.2 Reducing Fuel Consumption
- 5.3.3 Reducing Idling Time
- 5.3.4 Equipment Maintenance
- 5.3.5 Properly Sized Equipment
- 5.3.6 Material Selection, Procurement, and Shipping Methods
- 5.3.7 Recycling and Reuse of Construction Materials
- 5.3.8 Use of Local Resources
- 5.3.9 Reducing Social Impacts
- 5.4 Sustainable Construction Methods
[Go to Page]
- 5.4.1 Trenchless Technology Benefits
- 5.4.2 Two Main Divisions of Trenchless Technology Methods
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- 5.4.2.1 Trenchless Construction Methods. TCMs for new installation of pipelines and conduits include all methods of installing new utility systems below grade without direct installation into an open-cut trench. TCMs are divided into two broad categ
- 5.4.2.2 Horizontal Auger Boring Methods. The horizontal auger boring (HAB) is a cost-effective method of installing a steel casing pipe crossing a road, highway, or railroad track. This process simultaneously jacks a steel casing from a drive pit t
- 5.4.2.3 Microtunnel Boring Machines. Microtunneling boring machines (MTBMs) are mainly used for the installation of a gravity pipeline such as a sanitary or storm sewer. MTBMs are laser-guided and remotely controlled and permit an accurate monitori
- 5.4.2.4 Horizontal Directional Drilling Methods. Horizontal directional drilling (HDD) methods are mainly used for the installation of pressure pipelines and cable conduits. These methods involve steerable systems for the installation of both small
- 5.4.2.5 Pipe Ramming Methods. Pipe ramming methods are mainly used for the installation of utilities for road and railroad crossings. Using an air compressor, this process hammers a steel casing pipe inside the earth from a drive pit. The pipe migh
- 5.4.3 Trenchless Renewal Methods
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- 5.4.3.1 Cured-In-Place Pipe. The CIPP process involves the insertion of a resin-impregnated fabric tube into an existing pipe by the use of water or air inversion or winching. Usually, the fabric is polyester felt material, fiberglass reinforced, or
- 5.4.3.2 Underground Coatings and Linings. The spraying of a thin mortar lining or a resin coating onto pipes is another method of pipeline renewal. For nonworker-entry pipes (usually for host pipes less than 48 in. diameter), coatings and linings
- 5.4.3.3 Sliplining. Sliplining is mainly used for structural applications when old pipes do not have joint settlements or misalignments. In this method, a new pipeline of smaller diameter is inserted into the old pipeline and usually the annulus s
- 5.4.3.4 Modified Sliplining. The MSL includes methods in which pipe sections or plastic strips are installed in close-fit with the existing pipe and the annular space is grouted. There are three variations of the MSL method: panel lining (PL), spi
- 5.4.3.5 In-Line Replacement. When the capacity of pipelines is found to be inadequate, then ILR should be considered. There are two categories representing ILR: pipe bursting and pipe removal (also called pipe eating). Pipe bursting, as the name i
- 5.4.3.6 Close-Fit Pipe. This type of trenchless pipeline renewal temporarily reduces the cross-sectional area of the new pipe before it is installed, then expands it to its original size and shape after placement to provide a close fit with the ex
- 5.4.3.7 Localized Repairs or Point-Source Repair. When local defects are found in a structurally sound pipeline, localized or point-source repairs are considered. Systems are available for remote-controlled resin injection to seal localized defect
- 5.4.3.8 Lateral Renewal. Sewer service laterals can be renewed using any of the methods used for renewal of main lines such as chemical grouting, CIPP, CFP, pipe bursting, and spray-on lining. Table 5-10 presents the main characteristics of LR me
- 5.4.3.9 Sewer Manhole Renewal. Sewer manhole renewal methods are provided to prevent surface water inflow and groundwater infiltration, repair structural damage, and protect surfaces from damage from corrosive substances. However, when renewal met
- 5.5 Summary
- References
- Book_5129_C006 [Go to Page]
- Chapter 6: Best Practices—Operation and Maintenance
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- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Testing
- 6.3 Maintenance
- 6.4 General Maintenance Activities
- 6.5 Rehabilitation
- 6.6 Monitoring
- 6.7 Asset Management
- 6.8 Data Collection
- 6.9 Condition Assessment Methods
- 6.10 Pipeline Inspections
- 6.11 Determining Cathodic Protection Performance
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- 6.11.1 Sacrificial Anode
- 6.11.2 Impressed Current
- 6.12 System Optimization
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- 6.12.1 Reducing Energy Usage
- 6.12.2 Reduce Peak Demands by Utilizing Storage
- 6.12.3 Reduce Energy Peaks
- 6.13 Reduce Third-Party Damage
- 6.14 Reduce Outages and Catastrophic Failures
- 6.15 Summary
- Book_5129_C007 [Go to Page]
- Chapter 7: Life-Cycle Inventory/Life-Cycle Analysis: Achieving Sustainable Functionality in Pipeline Design and Manufacturing
[Go to Page]
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Standard History and Methodology
- 7.3 Cradle to Grave
- 7.4 Water/Wastewater Infrastructure
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- 7.4.1 Production Constraints
- 7.4.2 Installation Constraints
- 7.4.3 Use Constraints
- 7.4.4 Recovery/Disposal Constraints
- 7.5 Social and Environmental Costs
- 7.6 Pipe Diameter
- 7.7 Owner Costs
[Go to Page]
- 7.7.1 Preconstruction Costs
- 7.7.2 Construction Costs
- 7.7.3 Postconstruction Costs
- 7.8 Environmental Costs—The Envision Rating System
- 7.9 Social Costs
- 7.10 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
- 7.11 Reducing Social Costs
- 7.12 Conclusions
- Book_5129_C008 [Go to Page]
- Chapter 8: Envision Project Rating System
[Go to Page]
- 8.1 Background and Development
- 8.2 Rating System Purpose and Goals
- 8.3 Organization and Structure
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- 8.3.1 Tools
- 8.3.2 Phases
- 8.3.3 Categories and Subcategories
- 8.3.4 Credits
- 8.3.5 Levels of Achievement
- 8.3.6 Evaluation Criteria
- 8.4 Project Scoring and Guidance
[Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 Guidance Manual
- 8.4.2 Categories and Credits
- 8.4.3 Quality of Life
- 8.4.4 Leadership
- 8.4.5 Resource Allocation
- 8.4.6 Natural World
- 8.4.7 Climate and Risk
- 8.5 Envision Implementation
[Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 Roles
- 8.5.2 Project Application and Verification Process
- 8.5.3 Fee Schedule
- 8.5.4 Recognition and Awards
- 8.6 �Applicable Features for Pipeline Design and Construction
- 8.7 Summary
- Reference
- Book_5129_A001 [Go to Page]
- Appendix A: Pipe Standards, Design Manuals, and Guidelines
[Go to Page]
- A.1 Relevant Standard Development Organizations
- A.2 Concrete Pipe
- A.3 Ductile Iron Pipe
- A.4 Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe
- A.5 Polyethylene Pipe
- A.6 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe
- A.7 Steel Pipe
- A.8 Vitrified Clay Pipe
- Book_5129_A002 [Go to Page]
- Appendix B: Pipe Materials Resource Information
[Go to Page]
- B.1 Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe
[Go to Page]
- B.1.1 Primary Raw Materials in Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes
- B.1.2 Clean and Safe Manufacturing of Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes
- B.1.3 Minimal Waste Discharge and Recyclability
- B.1.4 Suitability of Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes Left in Place
- B.2 Concrete Pipe
[Go to Page]
- B.2.1 Primary Materials
[Go to Page]
- B.2.1.1 Cement and Cementitious Materials. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore. These ingredients, when heated at hi
- B.2.1.2 Concrete Component. Concrete for pipe utilizes sand and rock that are typically locally mined. Recycled crushed concrete that would otherwise burden landfills is sometimes used when available in a quality and cleanliness suitable for inclus
- B.2.1.3 Steel Component. The form of steel material can be plate, coil, bar, or wire, depending on the type of pipe. The production process of the raw steel components for concrete pipe is the same as that described in this appendix in the section
- B.2.2 AWWA C300: Reinforced Concrete Cylinder Pipe
- B.2.3 AWWA C301: Prestressed Concrete Pipes
- B.2.4 �AWWA C302: Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Noncylinder Type
- B.2.5 AWWA C303: Bar-Wrapped Concrete Cylinder Pipe
- B.2.6 Reinforced Concrete Pipe for Drains and Sewers
- B.2.7 Summary
- B.2.8 Recyclability of Concrete Pipe
- B.3 Vitrified Clay Pipe
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- B.3.1 Manufacturing Process
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- B.3.1.1 Mining. Only specialized clays, found in hydrous alumina silicates, are suitable for the manufacture of vitrified clay pipe. These mined clays must have an appropriate level of plasticity (essential for forming the pipe), suitable vitrificat
- B.3.1.2 Grinding. The clay, shale, and grog mixture is ground in heavy, perforated metal pans by large crushing wheels. The mixture is then sent through fine, heated, vibrating screens to assure proper particle size.
- B.3.1.3 Extruding. Ground raw materials are mixed with water in a pug mill to roughly a 14% to 15% moisture content. This material is forced through a vacuum, deairing chamber to produce a smooth, dense, homogenous mixture. The moistened clay blend
- B.3.1.4 Drying. The pipe is transferred to large, heated drying rooms to remove moisture. The drying time varies based on the size of the pipe (wall thickness) and the level of ambient humidity. A clay pipe is not ready for firing until the moistur
- B.3.1.5 Firing. The temperature in the kiln is gradually increased to approximately 2,000 °F. The first phase of firing must take place slowly so that the shape of the pipe is set before the ramp-up to the higher temperatures required for vitrifica
- B.3.1.6 Factory Application of the Joint. There are various jointing systems for VCP provided by different manufacturers. For a bell-and-spigot pipe, the joints are made of polyurethane or polyester. For a plain-end pipe, rubber compression couplin
- B.3.1.7 Testing the Pipe and Joint. Every pipe exiting the kiln is visually and physically inspected. Representative samples from each firing are tested for minimum three-edge bearing strength in accordance with ASTM C700. The final test per ASTM C
- B.3.2 �Manufacturing Waste Discharges and Recycling of Vitrified Clay Pipe
- B.3.3 End-of-Life Issues
- B.3.4 Environmental Statement
[Go to Page]
- B.3.4.1 ISO-140001-Compliant, Third-Party Audit. The member companies of the National Clay Pipe Institute (NCPI) were the first infrastructure products to be certified under the fully transparent, third-party audit system of “The Institute for
- B.3.4.2 Health Product Declaration. A Health Product Declaration (HPD) encompasses all the elements of an EPD but adds considerations of ecotoxicity and human toxicity. Because NCPI member companies see these as core concerns of any environmental i
- B.3.5 Sustainability
- B.4 Fiberglass Pipe (AWWA C950)
[Go to Page]
- B.4.1 Primary Materials
- B.4.2 Manufacture of Fiberglass Pipe
- B.4.3 Standards
- B.4.4 Recyclability of Fiberglass Pipe
- B.5 Steel Water Pipe
[Go to Page]
- B.5.1 Primary Materials
- B.5.2 Manufacturing Processes
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- B.5.2.1 Cylinder Manufacture. Steel coils for pipe are project-specific orders based on the wall thicknesses specified for the pipe on a project. The AWWA C200 pipe is typically manufactured as a spiral-welded pipe: the steel coil is helically wound
- B.5.2.2 Pipe Field–Joining Systems. Welded steel pipe may be joined in the field by butt-welding, by lap welding, or by a gasketed joint. The lap-welded and gasketed joints require end preparation of cylinders.
- B.5.3 Common or Routine Operation and Maintenance
- B.5.4 Recycling and End of Life
- B.6 Polyethylene Pipes (AWWA C906)
[Go to Page]
- B.6.1 Primary Materials
- B.6.2 Manufacture of PE Pipe
[Go to Page]
- B.6.2.1 Extrusion Lines. The thermoplastic nature of PE compositions allows for the production of pipe by means of the extrusion process. In this process, the material is fed from a feeding mechanism into rotating screws that, through a mechanical w
- B.6.2.2 Material Handling Before and After Extrusion Lines. The typical procedure for the manufacture of PE pipe is to make it from a PE resin that is combined at the extruder’s facility with the sufficient amount of a color masterbatch that cont
- B.6.3 Recyclability of PE Pipe
- B.7 Ductile Iron Pipe (ANSI/AWWA C151/A21.51)
[Go to Page]
- B.7.1 A Commitment to Sustainability
- B.7.2 A Highly Standardized Product
- B.7.3 Continuing the Tradition of Service
- B.7.4 Even Stronger and Tougher than Cast Iron
- B.7.5 Environmental Impact
- B.7.6 Principal Materials
[Go to Page]
- B.7.6.1 Recycled Material. Because ductile iron pipe is produced using up to 100% scrap iron and steel, the first process involves raw material acquisition. Ductile iron pipe producers are large users of recycled ferrous material that comes from jun
- B.7.6.2 Nonmetallic Raw Materials. Nonmetallic raw material components include coke, which is used to fuel the melting process, limestone, a naturally occurring sedimentary rock that is used as a flux to draw impurities out of the iron, and ferrosi
- B.7.7 Melting the Scrap into Molten Iron
- B.7.8 Pipe casting
- B.7.9 Annealing Pipe to Improve Mechanical Properties
- B.7.10 Final Processing and Pipe Finishing
- B.7.11 End of Life
- References
- Book_5129_A003 [Go to Page]
- Appendix C: Envision Pipeline Project Example
[Go to Page]
- C.1 Envision Project Example
[Go to Page]
- C.1.1 �Key Sustainable Initiatives Implemented on the Integrated Pipeline Project
- C.1.2 Effective Leadership and Commitment (LD1.1)
- C.1.3 Improve Local Skills and Capabilities (QL1.3)
- C.1.4 Improve Infrastructure Integration (LD2.2)
- C.1.5 Plan for Long-Term Monitoring and Maintenance (LD3.1)
- C.1.6 Reduce Excavated Materials Taken Off-Site (RA1.6)
- C.2 Benefits from Using Envision
- C.3 Methodology to Prepare an Envision Application
[Go to Page]
- C.3.1 Envision Manual Review
- C.3.2 Project Physical and Operational Description
- C.3.3 Document Management Plan
- C.4 Strategy to Achieve an Envision Award
[Go to Page]
- C.4.1 Identification of Key Sustainable Initiatives
- C.4.2 Preparing a Preliminary Assessment
- C.5 �Lessons Learned from Preparing and Envision Application
[Go to Page]
- C.5.1 Format
- C.5.2 Pick Your Battles
- C.5.3 Exclude versus Not Attained Credits
- C.6 Conclusion
- Reference
- Book_5129_IDX [Go to Page]