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Manual of Practice No. 28: Hydrology Handbook, 1996
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Conversion to SI Units
- Chapter 1: Introduction to the New Handbook of Hydrology [Go to Page]
- I. Historical Summary
- II. Purpose of the New Handbook
- III. Scope of the New Handbook
- IV. The Hydrologic Cycle
- Chapter 2: Precipitation [Go to Page]
- I. Introduction
- II. Formation and Types of Precipitation [Go to Page]
- A. Mechanisms
- B. Types of Precipitation
- C. Principal Causes of Precipitation
- III. Variations in Precipitation [Go to Page]
- A. Geographic Distribution
- B. Time Variation
- C. Extreme Precipitation Events
- IV. The Measurement of Precipitation [Go to Page]
- A. Uses of Precipitation Measurements
- B. Measurement of Precipitation with Gages
- C. Measurement Error with Precipitation Gages
- D. Direct or In Situ Measurements of Snow
- E. Remote Sensing Measurements of Precipitation
- F. Data Comparability
- V. Processing and Interpreting Precipitation Records [Go to Page]
- A. Processing Precipitation Data
- B. Station Relocation Considerations
- C. Estimation of Missing Records
- D. Temporal and Spatial Extrapolation of Precipitation Data
- VI. Precipitation Frequency Analysis [Go to Page]
- A. Rain Gage Data for Frequency Analysis
- B. Frequency Analysis Techniques
- C. Point Precipitation Frequency Analysis
- D. Frequency Analysis for Area-Averaged Precipitation
- E. Storm Hyetographs
- F. New Technologies for Precipitation Frequency Analysis
- VII. Weather Modification
- VIII. Synthetic Weather Generation
- IX. References
- X. Glossary
- Chapter 3: Infiltration [Go to Page]
- I. Introduction
- II. Principles of Infiltration
- III. Factors Affecting Infiltration/Rainfall Excess [Go to Page]
- A. Soil
- B. Surface
- C. Management
- D. Natural
- III. Infiltration/Rainfall Excess Models for Practical Applications [Go to Page]
- A. Rainfall Excess Models
- B. Infiltration Models
- C. Applications of Infiltration/Rainfall Excess Models
- IV. Measurement of Infiltration [Go to Page]
- A. Areal Measurement
- B. Point Measurement
- V. References
- VI. Glossary
- Chapter 4: Evaporation and Transpiration [Go to Page]
- I. Introduction
- II. Physics and Theory of Evaporation [Go to Page]
- A. Surface-Air Energy Exchanges
- B. Radiation Balance
- C. Energy Balance
- D. Sensible Heat Flux Density—Soil
- III. Interaction of Surfaces and Meteorological Factors [Go to Page]
- A. Energy Balance—Air Mass Interactions
- IV. Evaporation from Water Surfaces [Go to Page]
- A. Introduction
- B. Methods of Estimating Water Surface Evaporation
- V. Evapotranspiration from Land Surfaces [Go to Page]
- A. Introduction
- B. Volumetric Measurements for Estimating Land Surface ET
- C. Energy Balance and Mass Transfer Methods
- D. Reference Crop ET Methods
- VI. Evapotranspiration from Land Surfaces—General Applications [Go to Page]
- A. The "Crop" Coefficient
- VII. Evapotranspiration from Land Surfaces—Direct Penman-Monteith [Go to Page]
- A. Types of Applications
- VIII. Regional Evapotranspiration [Go to Page]
- A. Introduction
- B. Theory
- C. Applications
- IX. Selecting the Appropriate Evapotranspiration Method
- X. References
- XI. Glossary
- Chapter 5: Ground Water [Go to Page]
- I. Introduction
- II. Source and Occurrence of Ground Water
- III. Ground Water Reservoirs [Go to Page]
- A. Essential Hydrologic Characteristics
- B. Principal Types of Aquifers
- C. Principal Types of Basins
- IV. The Subsurface Medium [Go to Page]
- A. Porous Medium
- B. Medium with Secondary Openings
- V. Movement of Water [Go to Page]
- A. Velocity
- B. Quantity of Flow
- C. Flow of Ground Water in Three Dimensions
- D. Flow Nets
- VI. Ground Water Basin Yield Concepts [Go to Page]
- A. Perennial Yield
- B. Mining Yield
- C. Sustained Yield
- D. Deferred Perennial Yield
- E. Maximum Perennial Yield
- VII. Evaluation of Ground Water Basin Yield [Go to Page]
- A. The Hydrologic Balance
- B. Perennial Yield Estimates
- VIII. Recharge [Go to Page]
- A. Natural Recharge
- B. Artificial Recharge
- IX. Ground Water Quality [Go to Page]
- A. Water Quality Requirements
- B. Waste Disposal Considerations
- C. Other Water Quality Factors
- D. Water Quality Monitoring
- X. Ground Water Models [Go to Page]
- A. Model Formulation
- B. Solution Techniques
- C. Model Development
- D. Family of Models Technique
- E. Hydraulic Model Calibration and Verification
- F. Model Application
- G. Ground Water Quality Models
- XI. Ground Water Management [Go to Page]
- A. Alternative Plans for Ground Water Management
- B. Implementation of Management Plans
- XII. References
- XIII. Notations
- XIV. Glossary
- Chapter 6: Runoff, Stream Flow, Reservoir Yield, and Water Quality [Go to Page]
- I. Introduction [Go to Page]
- A. Description of Runoff Process
- B. Variability of Runoff
- II. Measurement of Stream Flow [Go to Page]
- A. Direct Measurement
- B. Indirect Measurements
- C. Continuous Records of Stream Flow
- D. Gaging Stations Using Index Velocity
- E. Partial Record Stations
- III. Hydrographs [Go to Page]
- A. Hydrograph Components
- B. Drainage Basin Effects
- C. Estimation of Precipitation Losses
- D. Hydrograph Recession and Baseflow Separation
- E. Time Parameters
- F. Unit Hydrograph
- G. Unit Hydrograph Durations
- H. Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph
- I. Runoff Hydrograph Development
- IV. Overland Flow [Go to Page]
- A. Sources
- B. Use in Runoff Modeling
- C. Steady-State Solutions
- D. Unsteady Flow Problems
- E. Other Solutions
- V. Stream Flow Routing [Go to Page]
- A. Open Channel Flow Principles
- B. Methods of Stream Flow Routing
- C. Stream Flow Routing Models
- VI. Reservoir Storage—Yield Analysis [Go to Page]
- A. Reservoir Yield
- B. Preliminary and Final Design Procedures
- C. Reservoir Capacity Determination—Mass Curve Analysis
- D. Reservoir Operation Study
- E. Sequential Flow Generation Method
- F. Reservoir Design by Simulation
- G. Probability Matrix Methods
- H. Methods Based on the Distribution of the Range
- I. Dependability and Risk Analysis
- J. Sequential and Nonsequential Droughts
- K. Flow Duration Curves
- VII. Runoff Quality [Go to Page]
- A. Overview
- B. Water Quality Monitoring
- C. Modeling of Runoff Quality
- VIII. References
- IX. Notation
- X. Glossary [Go to Page]
- A. Special Terms for Reservoir Storage-Yield Analysis
- Chapter 7: Snow and Snowmelt [Go to Page]
- I. Introduction
- II. Overview of Physical Processes [Go to Page]
- A. Precipitation, Snowfall, and Snow Accumulation
- B. Snow Metamorphism
- C. Snowmelt
- III. Data Requirements, Collection, and Sources [Go to Page]
- A. Data Requirements
- B. Data Collection and Utilization
- C. Data Sources
- IV. Snow Accumulation and Distribution [Go to Page]
- A. Overview
- B. Snow Water Equivalent Estimate from Historic Data
- C. Watershed Definition in Detailed Simulation
- D. Simulation of Snow Accumulation
- V. Snowmelt Analysis and Simulation [Go to Page]
- A. Overview of Applications and Approaches
- B. Snowmelt
- C. Snow Condition
- D. Snow Accounting During Snowmelt
- E. Snowmelt Simulation
- VI. Water Supply Forecasting [Go to Page]
- A. Background
- B. Regression Approaches
- C. Conceptual Modeling Approach
- VII. Computer Programs Available [Go to Page]
- A. HEC-1, HEC-1F
- B. National Weather Service River Forecast System (NWSRFS)
- C. Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS)
- D. Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM)
- E. Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation (SSARR)
- VIII. Sample Applications [Go to Page]
- A. Example #1—Hypothetical Flood, Rain-on-snow, Temperature Index
- B. Example #2—Design Flood Derivation for a Partly Forested Basin
- C. Example #3—Model Calibration, Continuous Simulation, Temperature Index
- IX. References
- X. Notation
- Chapter 8: Floods [Go to Page]
- I. Introduction [Go to Page]
- A. Flood and Flood Characteristics
- B. Causes of Floods and Flooding
- C. Measurement of Flood Magnitude
- D. Flood Hazards
- E. Flood Warnings
- F. Flood Information
- II. Flood Analysis [Go to Page]
- A. Basic Approaches
- B. Design Floods
- C. Regulatory Floods
- III. Statistical Analysis for Estimating Floods [Go to Page]
- A. Frequency Analysis
- B. Selection of a Flood Frequency Distribution
- C. Bulletin 17B Frequency Analysis Method
- D. Record Augmentation
- E. Risk from Coincidental Events
- F Analysis of Mixed Populations
- G. Regional Analysis
- H. Historical Information and Paleofloods
- I. Partial Duration Series
- J. Bayesian Risk Analysis
- IV. Estimating Flood from Rainfall [Go to Page]
- A. Synopsis of Major Historical Rainstorms
- B. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Storm Precipitation
- C. Snowmelt Contribution
- D. Antecedent and Subsequent Storms
- E. Baseflow
- F. Transformation of Rainfall Excess to Flood
- V. Probable Maximum Flood [Go to Page]
- A. Basic Concepts and Definitions
- B. Estimation of PMP
- C. Transformation of PMP to PMF
- D. Greatest Rainfalls and Floods of Record
- E. Conservatism of PMF Estimates
- F. Standard Project Flood
- VI. Flood Hazard and Flood Warning [Go to Page]
- A. Evaluation of Potential Hazards
- B. Real-Time Forecast and Warning
- C. Emergency Action Plan
- VII. Microcomputer Software for Flood Analyses [Go to Page]
- A. Event-oriented Precipitation-runoff Models
- B. Continuous Precipitation-Runoff Models
- C. Steady-Flow Flood Routing Models
- D. Unsteady-Flow Flood Routing Models
- E. Reservoir Regulation Models
- F. Flood Frequency Analysis Models
- VIII. References
- IX. Glossary
- Chapter 9: Urban Hydrology [Go to Page]
- I. Introduction [Go to Page]
- A. Overview of Urban Hydrology Methods and Processes
- B. The Effects of Urbanization on Flood Peaks
- C. A Method for Adjusting a Hood Record
- D. Design-Storm Approach
- II. Precipitation in the Urban Watershed [Go to Page]
- A. Continuous Simulation and Single Events
- B. Elements of a Design Storm
- C. Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relations
- D. Temporal Distribution of Rainfall and Design Storms
- E. Soil Conservation Service Distributions
- F. Other Design Storm Hyetographs
- III. Hydrologic Losses in Developing Watersheds [Go to Page]
- A. Interception
- B. Depression Storage
- C. Infiltration
- D. The Φ-Index
- E. The Horton Equation
- F. Modified Horton Example
- G. Green and Ampt Equation
- IV. Urban Runoff Estimating Methods [Go to Page]
- A. Overland Flow Routing by Kinematic Wave Technique
- B. Overview of the Rational Formula
- C. Modified Rational Method
- D. Universal Rational Method
- E. Concluding Comment on Rational Method
- F. Synthetic Unit Hydrographs for Urban Watershed
- G. Time of Concentration in the Urban Watersheds
- H. Example Travel Time Computation
- I. Storage Routing Through Stormwater Detention Ponds
- V. Typical Urban Drainage Design Calculations [Go to Page]
- A. Sizing the Collection and Conveyance Systems
- B. Rational Method Pre-Design Data
- C. Steps in Use of Rational Method for Storm Sewer Design
- D. Fair Oaks Estates Storm Sewer Design
- E. Sizing of Stormwater Storage Facilities
- F. Types of Urban Stormwater Storage Facilities
- G. Detention Basin Design Considerations
- H. Detention Storage Calculations for Fair Oaks Estates Subdivision
- VI. Computer Model Applications [Go to Page]
- A. Overview of Urban Hydrology Software
- B. Model Application to Basin-Wide Stormwater Management and Master Planning
- C. Storm Sewer Analysis and Design
- D. EPA Stormwater Management Model
- E. Illinois Urban Drainage Area Simulation
- F. Detention Basin Analysis and Design
- VII. References
- VIII. Notation
- Chapter 10: Water Waves [Go to Page]
- I. Introduction
- II. Wave Theory [Go to Page]
- A. Fundamentals and Classification
- B. Linear (Airy) Wave Theory
- C. Nonlinear Wave Theories
- D. Stokes Theory
- E. Shallow Water Theories
- F. Solitary Wave Theory
- G. Conoidal Wave Theory
- H. Numerical Models
- I. Shoaling/Refraction
- J. Diffraction
- K. Wave Breaking
- III. Wind Waves [Go to Page]
- A. Description of Irregular Waves
- B. Wave Measurements
- C. Wave Analysis and Statistics
- D. Wind Parameters and Fetch
- E. Deep Water Wave Prediction
- F. Shallow Water Wave Growth
- G. Computer Modeling
- IV. Ship-Generated Waves [Go to Page]
- A. Ship Wave Patterns
- B. Ship Wave Characteristics
- V. Wave-Structure Interaction [Go to Page]
- A. Regular Wave Runup and Rundown
- B. Irregular Wave Runup and Rundown
- C. Wave Overtopping
- D. Wave Transmission
- E. Wave Forces on Structures
- F. Morison Equation
- G. Froude-Krylov Theory
- H. Diffraction Theory
- I. Wave Forces on Vertical Walls
- J. Prediction of Irregular Wave Forces
- VI. Waves and Currents [Go to Page]
- A. Nearshore Currents
- B. Mathematical Modeling
- C. Wave-Current Interaction
- VII. Tides and Tidal Datums [Go to Page]
- A. Astronomical Tides
- B. Tidal Datums
- VIII. Storm Surges [Go to Page]
- A. Characteristics of Storm Surges
- B. Storm Surge Generation and Prediction
- IX. Basin Oscillations and Tsunamis [Go to Page]
- A. Basin Oscillations
- B. System Resonance
- C. Two-Dimensional Basins
- D. Three-Dimensional Basins
- E. Helmholtz Resonance
- F. Tsunamis
- X. Water Surface Probability Analysis [Go to Page]
- A. Open Coast Water Levels
- B. Lakes and Inland Waters
- C. Statistics
- D. Flood Insurance Considerations
- XI. Selection of Design Waves and Water Levels [Go to Page]
- A. Design Philosophy and Design Criteria
- B. Design Wave Conditions
- C. Design Water Levels
- XII. References
- XIII. Notation
- XIV. Glossary [Go to Page]
- A. Terms Pertaining to Ship-Generated Waves
- B. Terms Pertaining to Tides
- C. Terms Pertaining to Water Levels
- D. Terms Pertaining to Hurricanes and Storm Surges
- E. Terms Pertaining to Basin Oscillations
- Chapter 11: Hydrologic Study Formulation and Assessment [Go to Page]
- I. Introduction
- II. Study Formulation [Go to Page]
- A. Study Purpose and Scope
- B. Level of Detail
- C. Selection of Methods and Tools
- D. Preparation of a Technical Study Work Plan
- III. Data Management [Go to Page]
- A. Data Management Concepts
- B. Geographic Information Systems
- C. Conclusion
- IV. Calibration and Verification of Hydrologic Models [Go to Page]
- A. What Is Calibration?
- B. Calibrating a Model with Process Input and Output Data Available
- C. Estimating Model Parameters in the Ungaged Case
- D. Validating Estimated Model Parameters
- V. Assessing Accuracy and Reliability of Study Results [Go to Page]
- A. Quantitative Measures of Reliability
- B. Sensitivity Analysis
- VI. References
- VII. Glossary
- Index [Go to Page]
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- Y
- Z [Go to Page]