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eLibrary >
ASHRAE Guideline 12-2023 -- Managing the Risk of Legionellosis Associated with Building Water Systems >
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ASHRAE Guideline 12-2023 -- Managing the Risk of Legionellosis Associated with Building Water Systems, 2023
- ASHRAE Guideline 12-2023 [Go to Page]
- Contents
- Foreword
- 1. Purpose
- 2. Scope [Go to Page]
- 2.1 This guideline applies to new and existing centralized hot and cold potable building water systems and to nonpotable building water systems in human-occupied commercial, institutional, multiunit residential, and industrial buildings, including ho...
- 2.2 This guideline is intended for use by building owners and those involved in the design, construction, installation, commissioning, management, operation, maintenance, and service of centralized building water systems, and by manufacturers of asso...
- 2.3 This guideline is also intended for use in the implementation of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188, Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems 1, and does not require previous training or certification in any hazard analysis, risk assessmen...
- 3. Definitions [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Terminology
- 3.2 Abbreviations, Initialisms, and Acronyms
- 4. Legionellosis and Legionella [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Infection and Disease. Legionellosis is a broad term for illness caused by any of at least 60 species of Legionella bacteria 2. Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever are the two most common types of legionellosis. Legionnaires’ disease is a...
- 4.2 Legionella. There are many different species and serogroups of Legionella bacteria, a number of which can cause disease. Most reported cases of disease are caused by species Legionella pneumophila. There are at least 15 serogroups of Legionella p...
- 5. Potable Water Systems [Go to Page]
- 5.1 System Description. Potable water systems in buildings include all hot and cold potable water piping and system components, starting at the point where the supply water enters the building and ending where the water exits the piping at a fixture ...
- 5.2 System Design/Engineering, Installation, Commissioning. Planning to control the conditions that increase the potential for Legionella growth should begin with the architecture, design, and engineering of buildings. Building layout and location of...
- 5.3 Legionella Control Measures. Multiple physical, chemical, and operational Legionella control measures can be applied together or individually to manage the physical and chemical conditions that facilitate intrusion, growth, and transmission of Le...
- 5.4 Remedial Treatment. The determination of need for remedial treatment of potable water, and the selection of any particular treatment, is a complex subject. Improper analysis may result in the use of remedial disinfectants or treatments that are n...
- 6. Ornamental Water Features [Go to Page]
- 6.1 System Description. Water features vary greatly in size, configuration, and complexity. Water typically is either sprayed into the air or cascades over a medium and then returns to a sump, basin, or pool. Small tabletop water features may have on...
- 6.2 System Design/Engineering, Installation, and Commissioning. Planning to control the conditions that support Legionella growth in water features should begin with design and engineering. System design, layout, piping configuration, pumps, water fi...
- 6.3 Operation, Maintenance, and Legionella Control Measures. Proper operation and maintenance of a water feature is essential to managing the potential for Legionella growth and transmission. A water management program (Program), such as that contain...
- 7. Heated Whirlpool Spas/Hot Tubs [Go to Page]
- 7.1 System Descriptions. Spas are small baths or pools used for recreational relaxation, hygienic, or therapeutic purposes. Common features include warm water temperatures from 90°F to 104°F (32°C to 40°C), constant water recirculation, and agita...
- 7.2 System Design/Engineering, Installation, and Commissioning. Plumbing should be as simple as possible, with the fewest number of connections. Systems should have no cross connections with other water systems and should have no stagnant flow areas.
- 7.3 System Operation and Maintenance (Routine). Health risks associated with spas are significant. In many jurisdictions, public spas are subject to state and local regulations covering public swimming and bathing facilities. In jurisdictions without...
- 7.4 Legionella Control. Table 7-1 shows typically recommended biocide residual control limits. Requirements specified by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) for the use and application of biocides should be followed. Biocides should be applied in...
- 7.5 Routine Maintenance. Recommendations for routine maintenance include taking the spa out of service at the end of each day to carry out disinfection using higher than normal biocide residual levels. When a chlorine-based biocide is used, a free re...
- 7.6 Training and Record Keeping. Maintenance personnel should be trained in all aspects of safe operation of spas and hot tubs. Training should make very clear that spas do not operate the same way as swimming pools, that the concentrated number of b...
- 7.7 Remedial Treatment (Nonroutine). When high bacterial counts occur, remove the spa from service and conduct shock disinfection with a biocide such as chlorine, maintaining 10 ppm free chlorine for one hour. When shock disinfection is completed, dr...
- 8. Open-circuit Cooling Towers, Closed-Circuit Cooling Towers, and Evaporative Condensers [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Description of Systems
- 8.2 Guidance. This section contains information on preplanning, design, operation, start-up, shutdown, commissioning, and remedial actions related to legionellosis risk management in evaporative heat rejection systems.
- 8.3 Legionella Testing. Legionella testing can be used to confirm that the Program is controlling Legionella growth. Trending of Legionella bacteria population through testing provides a direct indicator of the effectiveness of Legionella control act...
- 8.4 Program Documentation. Installation, operation, and maintenance manuals for the evaporative cooling equipment and the selected water treatment systems should be readily available.
- 9. Direct Evaporative Air Coolers, Misters (Atomizers), Air Washers, and Humidifiers [Go to Page]
- 9.1 System Description. There are many different types and designs of equipment in the category “direct evaporative air-cooling equipment and humidifiers.” Types that, by design, induce evaporation of water by generating small droplets or aerosol...
- 9.2 Fixed Equipment Siting. Evaporative air coolers/humidifiers should not be located near the outlet of a cooling tower, fluid cooler, evaporative condenser, kitchen exhaust, or any other source of organic contamination. Air filtration upstream of t...
- 9.3 Fixed Equipment System Operation, Routine Maintenance, and Microbial Control. Evaporative air coolers/humidifiers, air washers, misters, and ancillary equipment should be regularly cleaned and maintained. Dead-end piping, low spots, and other are...
- 10. Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers [Go to Page]
- 10.1 System Operation. Indirect evaporative air-cooling systems use one of several methods of operation to cool the primary airstream:
- 10.2 Siting. Indirect evaporative air coolers should not be located near the outlet of a cooling tower, fluid cooler, evaporative condenser, kitchen exhaust, paint booth, incinerator, or any other source of organic matter. The open-loop discharge of ...
- 11. Cooling Coils and Condensate Collection [Go to Page]
- 11.1 System Description. Cooling coils and condensate equipment can be located indoors or outdoors, including roof areas inside of air supply houses or ducts. Air-handling equipment moves air throughout a building for the purpose of heating, cooling,...
- 11.2 Siting. Cooling coils should be located so that inlets are not contaminated by drift from cooling towers, evaporative condensers, ornamental fountains, spas, pools, or by other sources of aerosols. The equipment should be located to provide acce...
- 11.3 System Operation and Maintenance (Routine). Air transport paths should be operated and maintained to limit accumulation of dirt, debris, rust, biomass, and standing water from coil condensate on surfaces, which may contribute to conditions that ...
- 12. Other Building Water Systems where Legionella May Grow
- 13. References
- Informative Appendix A: Bibliography
- Informative Appendix B: Guidance for U.S. Regulations On Drinking Water Treatment and on Chemicals Used for Potable and Nonpotable Water Treatment [Go to Page]
- B1. Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
- B2. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
- Informative Appendix C: Testing for Legionella in Building Water Systems (Environmental Testing) [Go to Page]
- C1. Sample Selection, Collection, And Transport
- C2. Legionella Testing Laboratories
- C3. Legionella Test Methods [Go to Page]
- C3.1 Culture. Culture is a broad term for procedures that involve growing bacteria on artificial media. Culture methods have historically been the most frequently used test methods to determine whether Legionella bacteria are detectable in a sample. ...
- C3.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The most common nonculture methods used to evaluate environmental samples for Legionella are variations of PCR using Legionella-specific DNA or RNA templates. PCR holds the potential to detect all known Legionell...
- C3.3 Other Detection Methods. Emerging test methods may be performed by a laboratory or may be performed on-site. These methods include antibody-based methods. Such methods may detect only a subset of Legionella species or serogroups. The main advant...
- C4. Interpretation of Test Results
- C5. Responses to Legionella Test Results
- Informative Appendix D: Guidance on Personal Protective Equipment for Use When There Is Potential for Exposure to Contaminated Aerosols
- Informative Appendix E: Addenda Description Information [Go to Page]
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