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ASHRAE Guideline 21-2022 -- Guide for the Ventilation and Thermal Management of Batteries for Stationary Applications (IEEE Standard 1635-2022), 2022
- Front Cover
- Title page
- Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents
- Participants
- Introduction
- Contents
- 1. Overview [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Scope
- 1.2 Purpose
- 1.3 Exclusions
- 1.4 Word usage
- 1.5 Document organization
- 2. Normative references
- 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Definitions
- 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations
- 4. Battery safety hazards and considerations
- 5. Fundamentals [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Battery types [Go to Page]
- 5.1.1 Lead-acid batteries [Go to Page]
- 5.1.1.1 Cell reactions
- 5.1.1.2 Vented lead-acid (VLA) batteries
- 5.1.1.3 Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
- 5.1.2 Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries
- 5.1.3 Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
- 5.2 Installation enclosure applications [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 General
- 5.2.2 Dedicated battery rooms
- 5.2.3 Indoor cabinets
- 5.2.4 Outdoor cabinets
- 5.2.5 Controlled environment vault (CEV)
- 5.2.6 ISO containers
- 5.2.7 Integrated battery and equipment areas
- 6. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- 6.2 HVAC design for performance [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Temperature
- 6.2.2 Air humidity
- 6.2.3 Air contaminants [Go to Page]
- 6.2.3.1 Dust
- 6.2.3.2 Other contaminants
- 6.3 HVAC design for safety [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Flammable/explosive gases
- 6.3.2 Hydrogen traps
- 6.3.3 Confined spaces
- 6.3.4 Thermal runaway
- 6.3.5 Toxic gases
- 7. Environmental design [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Operating modes [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 General
- 7.2.2 Assumptions for the tables [Go to Page]
- 7.2.2.1 Units
- 7.2.2.2 Standard temperature and atmospheric pressure
- 7.2.2.3 Upper bounds
- 7.2.2.4 Battery ratings
- 7.2.2.5 Current
- 7.2.2.6 Oxygen evolution
- 7.2.2.7 Counting the cells in a module
- 7.2.2.8 Estimates of resistance
- 7.2.2.9 Differing battery models in the same site
- 7.2.3 Standby/float operation
- 7.2.4 Accelerated recharge, boost, and equalize charge modes [Go to Page]
- 7.2.4.1 General
- 7.2.4.2 Accelerated recharge mode (fast charge)
- 7.2.4.3 Boost charge mode (finish charge/absorptive charge)
- 7.2.4.4 Equalize charge mode
- 7.2.5 Discharge
- 7.2.6 Bulk recharge
- 7.2.7 Initial and freshening charge modes
- 7.2.8 Cycling operating mode
- 7.2.9 Failure modes (abnormal operation) [Go to Page]
- 7.2.9.1 General
- 7.2.9.2 Thermal runaway
- 7.2.9.3 Shorted cells
- 7.2.9.4 Cell reversal
- 7.2.9.5 Charger runaway
- 7.3 Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system design requirements [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 General
- 7.3.2 Systems for heating and cooling [Go to Page]
- 7.3.2.1 Battery installation heat sources
- 7.3.2.2 Active heating and cooling systems
- 7.3.2.3 Passive cooling
- 7.3.2.4 Radiant cooling
- 7.4 HVAC system design for ventilation [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 General
- 7.4.2 Natural ventilation
- 7.4.3 Active or forced ventilation system
- 7.5 Integrated battery areas [Go to Page]
- 7.5.1 Integrated battery and charger/rectifier/inverter room
- 7.5.2 Integrated battery and equipment areas
- 7.6 Controls and alarms [Go to Page]
- 7.6.1 General
- 7.6.2 Sensors
- 7.6.3 Reliability/redundancy
- 7.7 Battery room hazard classification
- 7.8 Battery enclosure design [Go to Page]
- 7.8.1 General
- 7.8.2 Indoor cabinets
- 7.8.3 Outdoor cabinets/enclosures
- 7.8.4 Vaults
- 8. Economics [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- 8.2 Battery replacement factors
- 8.3 Relative importance of the installation
- 8.4 Reliability of the HVAC system
- 8.5 Availability of maintenance resources
- 8.6 Cost and availability of battery replacement
- 8.7 HVAC System control based on battery operating mode
- 9. Environmental management (operation and maintenance) [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Battery system operation and maintenance
- 9.2 HVAC system operation and maintenance [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 General
- 9.2.2 Operation
- 9.2.3 Maintenance
- Annex A (informative) Hydrogen generation in lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries [Go to Page]
- A.1 Purpose
- A.2 Gassing equations for lead-acid batteries [Go to Page]
- A.2.1 General
- A.2.2 Gassing of vented cells with constant-current charging
- A.2.3 Equations for lead-calcium and pure lead vented batteries [Go to Page]
- A.2.3.1 General
- A.2.3.2 Current equation for vented lead-calcium cells
- A.2.3.3 Current equation for vented pure lead cells
- A.2.4 Equations for lead-antimony and lead-selenium vented batteries [Go to Page]
- A.2.4.1 General
- A.2.4.2 Simplified equations for vented lead-antimony cells
- A.2.4.3 Simplified equations for vented lead-selenium cells
- A.2.5 Temperature effects on the current
- A.2.6 Effects of shorted cells
- A.2.7 Equations for VRLA batteries [Go to Page]
- A.2.7.1 General
- A.2.7.2 AGM cells [Go to Page]
- A.2.7.2.1 General
- A.2.7.2.2 Upper-bound gassing equations for the tables
- A.2.7.3 Gel cells
- A.3 Sample gassing calculations for vented lead-calcium batteries [Go to Page]
- A.3.1 Assumptions
- A.3.2 Fire code default
- A.3.3 Normal gassing
- A.3.4 Gassing during initial charging
- A.3.5 Fire code worst-case calculation
- A.4 Sample gassing calculations for lead-calcium-tin VRLA batteries [Go to Page]
- A.4.1 Assumptions
- A.4.2 Fire code default
- A.4.3 Normal gassing
- A.4.4 Gassing during initial charging
- A.4.5 Fire code worst-case calculation
- A.5 Sample gassing calculations for vented lead-antimony batteries [Go to Page]
- A.5.1 Assumptions
- A.5.2 Fire code default
- A.5.3 Normal gassing
- A.5.4 Gassing during initial charging
- A.5.5 Fire code worst-case calculation
- A.6 Battery gassing calculations for Ni-Cd batteries [Go to Page]
- A.6.1 General
- A.6.2 Float charging [Go to Page]
- A.6.2.1 General
- A.6.2.2 Partially-recombinant Ni-Cd hydrogen gassing
- A.6.2.3 Foamed/PBE float current and gassing
- A.6.3 Finish/boost/equalize charging [Go to Page]
- A.6.3.1 General
- A.6.3.2 Non-recombinant Ni-Cd technologies
- A.6.3.3 Foamed/PBE plate technology
- A.6.3.4 Partially-recombinant fiber or pocket plate technology
- A.6.4 Initial charging
- A.6.5 Worst-case scenarios
- A.7 Sample gassing calculations for Ni-Cd batteries [Go to Page]
- A.7.1 General
- A.7.2 Assumptions
- A.7.3 Fire Code default
- A.7.4 Normal gassing
- A.7.5 Gassing during initial charging
- A.7.6 Fire Code worst-case calculation
- Annex B (informative) Heat generation in batteries [Go to Page]
- B.1 Purpose
- B.2 Basics of battery heat generation [Go to Page]
- B.2.1 General
- B.2.2 Sources of heat [Go to Page]
- B.2.2.1 General
- B.2.2.2 Heat of reaction
- B.2.2.3 Joule effect heat [Go to Page]
- B.2.2.3.1 General
- B.2.2.3.2 Joule effect discharge heat
- B.2.2.3.3 Joule effect charging heat
- B.2.2.3.4 Joule effect overcharge heat
- B.2.2.4 Total heat generation
- B.2.2.5 Dependency of heat on current [Go to Page]
- B.2.2.5.1 General
- B.2.2.5.2 VRLA current
- B.2.3 Heat generation calculations for various operating modes [Go to Page]
- B.2.3.1 Charging [Go to Page]
- B.2.3.1.1 General
- B.2.3.1.2 Float charging
- B.2.3.1.3 Accelerated/boost/equalize charging
- B.2.3.1.4 Bulk recharge
- B.2.3.1.5 Freshening/initial charging
- B.2.3.1.6 Thermal runaway
- B.2.3.2 Discharge
- B.2.3.3 Heating for batteries on constant-current chargers
- B.3 Sample battery heat generation calculations for vented lead-acid batteries [Go to Page]
- B.3.1 Assumptions
- B.3.2 Worst-case discharge calculation
- B.3.3 Bulk recharge calculation
- B.3.4 Normal heat release
- B.3.5 Battery heat release during initial charging
- B.3.6 Boost/equalize charging heat release calculation
- B.4 Sample heat generation calculations for lead-calcium tin VRLA batteries [Go to Page]
- B.4.1 Assumptions
- B.4.2 Worst-case discharge calculation
- B.4.3 Bulk recharge calculation
- B.4.4 Normal heat release
- B.4.5 Heat release during initial charging
- B.4.6 Heat release calculations for equalize/boost charging
- B.5 Sample heat generation calculations for Ni-Cd batteries [Go to Page]
- B.5.1 Assumptions
- B.5.2 Sample heat release during discharge for a UPS Ni-Cd battery
- B.5.3 Sample heat release during bulk recharge for a UPS Ni-Cd battery
- B.6 Sample heat generation calculations for Li-ion batteries [Go to Page]
- B.6.1 Assumptions
- B.6.2 Sample heat release during float charging for a UPS Li-ion battery
- B.6.3 Sample heat release during discharge for a UPS Li-ion battery
- B.6.4 Sample heat release during recharge for a UPS Li-ion battery
- B.6.5 Sample heat release during freshening charge for a Li-ion battery
- Annex C (informative) Existing U.S. codes and standards
- Annex D (informative) Explosive and toxic gas allowance considerations [Go to Page]
- D.1 Permissible hydrogen and other combustible gas concentrations
- D.2 Permissible hydrogen sulfide concentrations and responsive actions
- D.3 Permissible arsine and stibine concentrations
- D.4 Permissible concentrations of toxic gasses produced by Li-ion thermal runaway
- Annex E (informative) Aqueous battery thermal runaway [Go to Page]
- E.1 Lead-acid battery thermal runaway
- E.2 Thermal runaway in Ni-Cd batteries
- E.3 Li-ion battery thermal runaway
- Annex F (informative) Sample HVAC calculations [Go to Page]
- F.1 Heat and hydrogen generation sample calculations
- F.2 Cooling
- F.3 Ventilation/Exhaust
- Annex G (informative) Example battery data sheets [Go to Page]
- G.1 General
- G.2 Long or medium duration lead-acid battery data sheet examples
- G.3 High rate lead-acid battery data sheet examples
- G.4 Ni-Cd battery data sheet example
- G.5 Li-ion battery data sheet example
- Annex H (informative) Li-ion battery fires/explosions, fire control, and venting [Go to Page]
- H.1 Experience with Li-ion BESS fires
- H.2 Types of water suppression systems for Li-ion battery spaces
- Annex I (informative) Bibliography
- Back Cover [Go to Page]
