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ASME PTC 18 Hydraulic Turbines and Pump-Turbines , 2011
- NOTICE
- FOREWORD
- COMMITTEE ROSTER
- CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC 18 COMMITTEE
- Section 1 Object and Scope [Go to Page]
- 1- 1 OBJECT
- 1- 2 SCOPE
- 1- 3 UNCERTAINTIES
- Section 2 Definitions and Descriptions of Terms [Go to Page]
- 2-1 DEFINITIONS
- 2-2 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
- 2-3 TABLES AND FIGURES
- 2-4 REFERENCE ELEVATION, ZC
- 2-5 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
- 2-6 SUBSCRIPTS USED THROUGHOUT THE CODE
- Section 3 Guiding Principles [Go to Page]
- 3-1 GENERAL
- 3-2 PREPARATIONS FOR TESTING [Go to Page]
- 3-2.1 General Precaution
- 3-2.2 Inspection Before Test
- 3-2.3 Provisions for Testing
- 3-2.4 Planning a Performance Test
- 3-2.5 Agreements
- 3-2.6 Chief of Test
- 3-3 TESTS
- 3-4 INSTRUMENTS
- 3-5 OPERATING CONDITIONS [Go to Page]
- 3-5.1 Operating Philosophy
- 3-5.2 Test Run Conditions
- 3-5.3 Permissible Deviations
- 3-6 DATA RECORDS [Go to Page]
- 3-6.1 True Copies
- 3-6.2 Original Data
- 3-6.3 Analysis and Interpretation
- Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement [Go to Page]
- 4-1 GENERAL
- 4-2 ELECTRONIC DATA ACQUISITION
- 4-3 HEAD AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- 4-3.1 Bench Marks
- 4-3.2 Static-Head Conditions
- 4-3.3 Free-Water Elevation
- 4-3.4 Measuring Wells and Stilling Boxes [Go to Page]
- 4-3.4.1 Pipe-Type Stilling Wells.
- 4-3.4.2 Float-Gage Type Stilling Well
- 4-3.5 Plate Gage
- 4-3.6 Point or Hook Gage
- 4-3.7 Float Gage
- 4-3.8 Staff Gage
- 4-3.9 Electronic Water Level Indicator
- 4-3.10 Time-of-Flight Techniques
- 4-3.11 Liquid Manometers
- 4-3.12 Measurements by Means of Compressed Gas
- 4-3.13 Number of Devices
- 4-3.14 Pressure Measurement by Pressure Taps
- 4-3.15 Pressure Measurement
- 4-3.16 Pressure Measurement With RunningCalibration
- 4-3.17 D etermination of Gravity
- 4-3.18 D etermination of Density of Water
- 4-4 FLOW MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- 4-4.1 Introduction
- 4-4.2 Current Meter Method [Go to Page]
- 4-4.2.1 Uncertainty
- 4-4.3 Pressure–Time Method [Go to Page]
- 4-4.3.1 Differential Pressure Transducer
- 4-4.3.2 Data-Acquisition System
- 4-4.3.3 Acquisition of the Pressure–Time Signal
- 4-4.3.4 D elineation of the Pressure–Time Diagram [Go to Page]
- 4-4.3.4.1 Running Line Delineation
- 4-4.3.4.2 Static Line Delineation
- 4-4.3.4.3 Integration Interval Delineation
- 4-4.3.5 Integration of Digital Pressure–Time Signal [Go to Page]
- 4-4.3.5.1 Analytical Description of NumericalIntegration
- 4-4.3.5.2 Numerical Integration of Pressure–TimeIntegral
- 4-4.3.6 Uncertainty
- 4-4.4 Ultrasonic Method [Go to Page]
- 4-4.4.1 General
- 4-4.4.2 Circular Conduits
- 4-4.4.3 Rectangular Conduits
- 4-4.4.4 Distortions of Velocity Profile
- 4-4.4.5 Theory and Operating Principles
- 4-4.4.6 Turbine-Mode Tests
- 4-4.4.7 Pump-Mode Tests
- 4-4.4.8 Factors That May Cause Asymmetry of theVelocity Profile
- 4-4.4.9 Using 18 Acoustic Paths
- 4-4.4.10 Integration Methods
- 4-4.4.11 Transducer Installation
- 4-4.4.12 D ifferential Travel Times
- 4-4.4.13 Checks of Equipment
- 4-4.4.14 D isruption of the Ultrasonic Flow Measurement
- 4-4.4.15 Uncertainty
- 4-4.5 D ye Dilution Method [Go to Page]
- 4-4.5.1 Principles of the Method
- 4-4.5.2 Five Steps [Go to Page]
- 4-4.5.2.1 Selecting the Injection and Sampling Points
- 4-4.5.2.2 Preparing the Injection Solution and Standards
- 4-4.5.2.3 Injecting and Measuring the Injection Rateof the Dye
- 4-4.5.2.4 Collecting Samples of the Diluted Dye
- 4-4.5.2.5 Analyzing the Concentration of the DilutedDye Samples and Calculating the Flow [Go to Page]
- 4-4.5.2.5.1 Analysis Method A
- 4-4.5.2.5.2 Analysis Method B
- 4-4.5.3 Accuracy
- 4-4.5.4 Uncertainty
- 4-5 POWER MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- 4-5.1 Indirect Method
- 4-5.2 Windage and Friction
- 4-6 SPEED MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- 4-6.1 General
- 4-6.2 A-C Interconnected Power Grid
- 4-6.3 Isolated Alternating Current Systems or Short-Term Measurements
- 4-6.4 Induction Generators of Motors or Direct CurrentSystem
- 4-7 TIME MEASUREMENT
- Section 5 Computation of Results [Go to Page]
- 5-1 MEASURED VALUES: DATA REDUCTION
- 5-2 CONVERSION OF TEST RESULTS TOSPECIFIED CONDITIONS [Go to Page]
- 5-2.1 Turbine Mode
- 5-2.2 Pump Mode
- 5-3 EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTY
- 5-4 COMPARISON WITH GUARANTEES
- Section 6 Final Report [Go to Page]
- 6-1 Responsibility of Chief of Test
- 6-2 Parties to the Test
- 6-3 Acceptance Tests
- Figures [Go to Page]
- 2-3-1 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Machine With Spiral Caseand Pressure Conduit
- 2-3-2 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Machine With Semi-Spiral Case
- 2-3-3 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Bulb Machine
- 2-3-4 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Horizontal Shaft Impulse Turbine (One or Two Jets)
- 2-3-5 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Impulse Turbine
- 2-4-1 Reference Elevation, Zc, of Turbines and Pump-Turbines
- 3-5.3-1 Limits of Permissible Deviations From Specified Operating Conditions in Turbine Mode
- 3-5.3-2 Limits of Permissible Deviations From Specified Operating Conditions in Pump Mode
- 4-3.14-1 Pressure Tap
- 4-3.15-1 Calibration Connections for Pressure Gages or Pressure Transducers
- 4-4.3.4-1 Example of Digital Pressure–Time Signal
- 4-4.4.1-1 Ultrasonic Method: Diagram to Illustrate Principle
- 4-4.4.1-2 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an 8-Path Flowmeter in aCircular Conduit
- 4-4.4.3-1 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers
- 4-4.4.4-1 Distortion of the Velocity Profile Caused by Protruding Transducers
- 4-4.4.6-1 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an 18-Path Flowmeter in aCircular Conduit
- 4-4.4.6-2 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an 18-Path Flowmeter in aRectangular Conduit
- 4-4.4.11-1 Locations for Measurements of D
- 4-4.5.1-1 Schematic Representation of Dye Dilution Technique
- 4-4.5.2.1-1 Experimental Results: Allowable Variation in Tracer Concentration
- 4-4.5.5-1 Typical Chart Recording During Sampling
- 4-5.1-1 Three-Wattmeter Connection Diagram
- 4-5.1-2 Two-Wattmeter Connection Diagram
- 4-5.1-3 Measuring Instrument Burden
- Tables [Go to Page]
- 2-2-1 Conversion Factors Between SI Units and U.S. Customary Units of Measure
- 2-3-1 Letter Symbols and Definitions
- 2-3-2M Acceleration of Gravity as a Function of Latitude and Elevation, SI Units (m/s2)
- 2-3-2 Acceleration of Gravity as a Function of Latitude and Elevation,U.S. Customary Units (ft/sec2)
- 2-3-3M Vapor Pressure of Distilled Water as a Functionof Temperature, SI Units (kPa)
- 2-3-3 Vapor Pressure of Distilled Water as a Function ofTemperature, U.S. Customary Units (lbf/in.2)
- 2-3-4M Density of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure, SI Units (kg/m3)
- 2-3-4 Density of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure,U.S. Customary Units (slug/ft3)
- 2-3-5 Coefficients Ii, Ji, and ni
- 2-3-6M D ensity of Dry Air, SI Units (kg/m3)
- 2-3-6 Density of Dry Air, U.S. Customary Units (slug/ft3)
- 2-3-7M Density of Mercury, SI Units (kg/m3)
- 2-3-7 Density of Mercury, U.S. Customary Units (slugs/ft3)
- 2-3-8M Atmospheric Pressure, SI Units (kPa)
- 2-3-8 Atmospheric Pressure, U.S. Customary Units (lbf/in.2)
- 4-4.4.2-1 Integration Parameters for Ultrasonic Method: Four Paths in One Plane or Eight Paths inTwo Planes
- 4-4.4.6-1 Integration Parameters for Ultrasonic Method: 18 Paths in Two Planes
- NONMANDATORY APPENDICES [Go to Page]
- A TYPICAL VALUES OF UNCERTAINTY [Go to Page]
- A-1 GENERAL
- A-2 Flow Rate Uncertainty, UQ
- A-3 Head Uncertainty, UH
- A-4 Power Uncertainty, Up
- A-5 Speed Uncertainty
- B UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS [Go to Page]
- B- 1 BASIS FOR UNCERTAINTY CALCULATION
- B- 2 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY
- B- 3 GENERAL APPROACH AND TURBINE EFFICIENCY EXAMPLE
- B- 4 COMBINING UNCERTAINTIES [Go to Page]
- B- 4.1 Average of Two or More Parameters
- B- 4.2 Sum or Difference of Two or More Parameters
- B- 5 APPLICATION OVER A RANGE OF OPERATING CONDITIONS
- C OUTLIERS
- D RELATIVE FLOW MEASUREMENT– INDEX TEST [Go to Page]
- D- 1 D EFINITIONS
- D- 2 APPLICATION
- D- 3 RELATIVE FLOW RATE [Go to Page]
- D- 3.1 General
- D- 3.2 Relative Flow Rate Measurement by the Winter– Kennedy Method
- D- 3.3 Relative Flow Measurement by the Converging Taper Method
- D- 3.4 Relative Flow Rate by the Friction Head Loss and Velocity Head Method
- D- 3.5 Relative Flow Measurement as a Differential Across an Elbow
- D- 3.6 Relative Flow Measurement Using Suitably Located Taps on a Bulb or Tubular Turbine
- D- 3.7 Pressure Taps and Piping
- D- 3.8 Head and Differential Pressure Measurement
- D- 3.9 Effect of Variation in Exponent
- D- 3.10 Power
- D- 3.11 Wicket Gate and Needle Opening and Blade Angle
- D- 4 COMPUTATION OF INDEX TEST RESULTS
- D- 5 ASSESSMENT OF INDEX TEST ERRORS
- E DERIVATION OF THE PRESSURE– TIME FLOW INTEGRAL [Go to Page]
