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ASME PTC 18-2020 Hydraulic Turbines and Pump-Turbines, 2020
- CONTENTS
- NOTICE
- FOREWORD
- ASME PTC COMMITTEE ROSTER
- CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC COMMITTEE
- Section 1 Object and Scope [Go to Page]
- 1-1 OBJECT
- 1-2 SCOPE
- 1-3 UNCERTAINTIES
- Section 2 Definitions and Descriptions of Terms [Go to Page]
- 2-1 DEFINITIONS
- 2-2 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
- 2-3 TABLES AND FIGURES
- 2-4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 2-5 REFERENCE ELEVATION, Zc
- 2-6 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
- 2-7 SUBSCRIPTS USED THROUGHOUT THE CODE
- Section 3 Guiding Principles [Go to Page]
- 3-1 GENERAL
- 3-2 PREPARATIONS FOR TESTING [Go to Page]
- 3-2.1 General Precaution
- 3-2.2 Inspection Before Test
- 3-2.3 Provisions for Testing
- 3-2.4 Planning a Performance Test
- 3-2.5 Agreements
- 3-2.6 Chief of Test
- 3-3 TESTS
- 3-4 INSTRUMENTS
- 3-5 OPERATING CONDITIONS [Go to Page]
- 3-5.1 Operating Philosophy
- 3-5.2 Test Run Conditions
- 3-5.3 Permissible Deviations
- 3-6 DATA RECORDS [Go to Page]
- 3-6.1 True Copies
- 3-6.2 Original Data
- 3-6.3 Analysis and Interpretation
- Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement [Go to Page]
- 4-1 GENERAL
- 4-2 DATA ACQUISITION AND DATA PROCESSING [Go to Page]
- 4-2.1 Introduction and Definitions
- 4-2.2 General requirements
- 4-2.3 Data acquisition
- 4-2.4 Component requirements
- 4-2.5 Check of the DAS
- 4-3 HEAD AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- 4-3.1 Bench Marks
- 4-3.2 Static-Head Conditions
- 4-3.3 Free-Water Elevation
- 4-3.4 Measuring Wells and Stilling Boxes
- 4-3.5 Plate Gage
- 4-3.6 Point or Hook Gage
- 4-3.7 Float Gage
- 4-3.8 Staff Gage
- 4-3.9 Electronic Water Level Indicator
- 4-3.10 Time-of-Flight Techniques
- 4-3.11 Liquid Manometers
- 4-3.12 Measurements by Means of Compressed Gas
- 4-3.13 Number of Devices
- 4-3.14 Pressure Measurement by Pressure Taps
- 4-3.15 Pressure Measurement
- 4-3.16 Pressure Measurement With Running Calibration
- 4-3.17 Determination of Gravity
- 4-3.18 Determination of Density of Water
- 4-4 FLOW MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- 4-4.1 Introduction
- 4-4.2 Current Meter Method
- 4-4.3 Pressure-Time Method
- 4-4.4 Ultrasonic Transit Time Method
- 4-4.5 Dye Dilution Method
- 4-5 THERMODYNAMIC METHOD FOR MEASURING EFFICIENCY [Go to Page]
- 4-5.1 Principle of the Method
- 4-5.2 Specific Mechanical Energy, Em
- 4-5.3 Correction of Specific Mechanical Energy
- 4-5.4 Conditions and Limitations
- 4-5.5 Measurement of Specific Mechanical Energy
- 4-5.6 Measuring Sections and Sampling Conditions
- 4-5.7 Instrumentation
- 4-5.8 Repetition of Measurements
- 4-5.9 Particular Flow Arrangements
- 4-5.10 Limit of Corrections
- 4-5.11 Uncertainty of Measurement
- 4-6 POWER MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- 4-6.1 Indirect Method
- 4-6.2 Windage and Friction
- 4-6.3 Speed Increaser Losses
- 4-7 SPEED MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- 4-7.1 General
- 4-7.2 A-C Interconnected Power Grid
- 4-7.3 Isolated Alternating Current Systems, Variable Speed Machines or Short-Term Measurements
- 4-7.4 Induction Generators and Motors or Direct Current System
- 4-8 TIME MEASUREMENT
- Section 5 Computation of Results [Go to Page]
- 5-1 MEASURED VALUES: DATA REDUCTION
- 5-2 CONVERSION OF TEST RESULTS TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS [Go to Page]
- 5-2.1 Turbine Mode — Conversion to Specified Head
- 5-2.2 Pump Mode — Conversion to Specified Speed
- 5-2.3 Conversion to Specified Temperature
- 5-3 EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTY
- 5-4 COMPARISON WITH GUARANTEES
- Section 6 Final Report [Go to Page]
- 6-1 Components of the Final Report
- Section 7 Uncertainty [Go to Page]
- 7-1 BASIS FOR UNCERTAINTY CALCULATION
- 7-2 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY
- 7-3 GENERAL APPROACH WITH TURBINE EFFICIENCY EXAMPLE [Go to Page]
- 7-3.1 Correlated Uncertainties
- 7-3.2 Sensitivity Coefficients
- 7-3.3 Uncertainty of a Result
- 7-3.4 Combining Uncertainties for Common Mathematical Operations
- 7-3.5 Application Over a Range of Operating Conditions
- 7-3.6 Outliers
- 7-3.7 Typical Values of Uncertainty
- FIGURES [Go to Page]
- Figure 2-3-1 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Machine With Spiral Case and Pressure Conduit
- Figure 2-3-2 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Machine With Semi-Spiral Case
- Figure 2-3-3 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Bulb Machine
- Figure 2-3-4 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Horizontal Shaft Impulse Turbine (One or Two Jets)
- Figure 2-3-5 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Impulse Turbine
- Figure 2-5-1 Reference Elevation, Zc, of Turbines and Pump-Turbines
- Figure 3-5.3-1 Limits of Permissible Deviations From Specified Operation Conditions in Turbine Mode
- Figure 3-5.3-2 Limits of Permissible Deviations From Specified Operating Conditions in Pump Mode
- Figure 4-2.4.3.1-1 Time Delay
- Figure 4-2.4.3.1-2 Filtering and Sampling Frequencies
- Figure 4-3.14-1 Pressure Tap
- Figure 4-3.14-2 Pressure Plate Tap
- Figure 4-3.15-1 Calibration Connections for Pressure Gages or Pressure Transducers
- Figure 4-4.3.9-1 Example of Digital Pressure–Time Signal in a Short Conduit
- Figure 4-4.3.9-2 Example of Digital Pressure–Time Signal in a Long Conduit
- Figure 4-4.4.1-1 Ultrasonic Method: Diagram to Illustrate Principle
- Figure 4-4.4.1-2 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an Eight-Path Flowmeter in a Circular Conduit
- Figure 4-4.4.3-1 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers
- Figure 4-4.4.4-1 Distortion of the Velocity Profile Caused by Protruding Transducers
- Figure 4-4.4.6-1 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an 18-Path Flowmeter in a Circular Conduit
- Figure 4-4.4.6-2 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an 18-Path Flowmeter in a Rectangular Conduit
- Figure 4-4.4.11-1 Locations for Measurements of D
- Figure 4-4.5.1-1 Schematic Representation of Dye Dilution Technique
- Figure 4-4.5.2.1-1 Experimental Results: Allowable Variation in Tracer Concentration
- Figure 4-4.5.2.4-1 Typical Chart Recording During Sampling
- Figure 4-5.2-1 General Schematic Diagram of Measuring Vessels and Balance of Energy for a Measurement With theThermodynamic Method
- Figure 4-5.7.2-1 Example of a Sampling Probe
- Figure 4-5.7.2-2 Determination of the Correction in Em for Heat Transfer in the Water-Sampling Circuit
- Figure 4-6.1-1 Three-Wattmeter Connection Diagram
- Figure 4-6.1-2 Two-Wattmeter Connection Diagram
- Figure 4-6.1-3 Measuring Instrument Burden
- (a) Typical Each Voltage Phase
- Figure A-3.2-1 Location of Winter–Kennedy Pressure Taps in Spiral Case
- Figure A-3.6-1 Location of Differential Pressure Taps in Bulb Turbine
- Figure A-3.9-1 Effect of Variations in Exponent on Relative Flow Rate
- Figure B-6.1 Low Pressure and Draft Tube Exit Sections
- Figure C-2-1 Schematic Representation of ASM Operation
- Figure C-2.1-1 ASM Typical Arrangement — Fixed Frame in a Three-Bay Application
- Figure C-2.1-2 Profiling Frame
- Figure C-3.1-1 Illustration of the Relation Between Wake Merging and ASM Bias
- Figure C-3.1-2 Illustration of Adjacent Wakes in a Converging Flow
- Figure C-3.3-1 Definition of Geometric Parameters
- Figure D-1-1 Definition Sketch for the Pressure–Time Method
- Figure E-2.2.2-1 Example of Ratio of Oxygen Transferred to the Dissolved State to the Total Oxygen Supplied by theDO Enhancing Turbine
- Figure E-3-1 Representative Distributor Section of a Francis Turbine Showing Distributed (Green), Central Shaft (Blue), Central Vacuum Breaker (Red) and Peripheral (Yellow) Air Injection Locations
- Figure E-4.4-1 Limits of the Existence of the Vortex Core
- Figure E-5.1-1 Schematic of Field Verification of Aerating Turbine
- Figure E-5.2.1-1 Typical Flow Characteristics of Common Valve Types
- Figure E-5.3.1-1 Example of Dissolved Oxygen Measured in Different Locations Downstream of the Power House
- Figure E-5.4.1-1 Example of Oxygen Mass Balance
- Figure E-5.4.1-2 Example of Oxygen Exchange Efficiency
- Figure E-5.4.1-4 Power Loss Due to Central Aeration
- Figure E-5.4.1-3 Example of Efficiency Change Due to Central Aeration
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 2-2-1 Conversion Factors Between SI and U.S. Customary Units of Measure
- Table 2-3-1 Letter Symbols and Definitions
- Table 4-4.4.2-1 Integration Parameters for Ultrasonic Method: Four Paths in One Plane or Eight Paths in Two Planes
- Table 4-4.4.6-1 Integration Parameters for Ultrasonic Method: Nine Paths in One Plane or 18 Paths in Two Planes
- Table 4-5.6-1 Recommendations for the High Pressure Side Measuring Section
- Table 4-5.6-2 Recommendations for the Low Pressure Side Measuring Section
- Table 7-3-1 Two-Tailed Student’s t Table for the 95% Confidence Level
- Table 7-3.6-1 Modified Thompson τ (at the 5% Significance Level)
- Table I-1-1 Acceleration of Gravity as a Function of Latitude and Elevation, SI Units (m/s2)
- Table I-1-1C Acceleration of Gravity as a Function of Latitude and Elevation, U.S. Customary Units (ft/sec2)
- Table I-1-2 Vapor Pressure of Distilled Water as a Function of Temperature, SI Units (kPa)
- Table I-1-2C Vapor Pressure of Distilled Water as a Function of Temperature, U.S. Customary Units (lbf/in.2)
- Table I-1-3 Density of Dry Air, SI Units (kg/m3)
- Table I-1-3C Density of Dry Air, U.S. Customary Units (slug/ft3)
- Table I-1-4 Density of Mercury, SI Units (kg/m3)
- Table I-1-4C Density of Mercury, U.S. Customary Units (slugs/ft3)
- Table I-1-5 Atmospheric Pressure, SI Units (kPa)
- Table I-1-5C Atmospheric Pressure, U.S. Customary Units (lbf/in.2)
- Table I-1-6 Density of Water as Function of Temperature and Pressure, SI Units (kg/m³)
- Table I-1-6C Density of Water as Function of Temperature and Pressure, U.S. Customary Units (slug/ft³)
- Table I-1-6.1 Coefficients Ii, Ji, and ni
- Table I-1-7 Specific Heat Capacity of Water, cp (J/kg K), SI Units
- Table I-1-7C Specific Heat Capacity of Water, cp, (Btu/lbm °F), U.S. Customary Units
- Table I-1-8 Isothermal Throttling Coefficient of Water δT (10−3 m3/kg), SI Units
- Table I-1-8C Isothermal Throttling Coefficient of Water δT (10−3 ft3/lbm), U.S. Customary Units
- Table I-1-9 Coefficients Ii, Ji, and ni
- Table E-1.1-1 Aeration-Related Terms
- Table E-6-3 Calculation of Weighted Average Air/Water Ratio
- Table E-6-4 Calculation of Weighted Average DO Increase
- Table E-6-5 Results of Field Test of DO Enhancement
- Table E-6-6 Calculation of Tested Weighted Average DO Increase
- MANDATORY APPENDIX I TABLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES [Go to Page]
- I-1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- NONMANDATORY APPENDICES [Go to Page]
- NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A RELATIVE FLOW MEASUREMENT — INDEX TEST [Go to Page]
- A-1 DEFINITIONS
- A-2 APPLICATION
- A-3 RELATIVE FLOW RATE
- A-4 COMPUTATION OF INDEX TEST RESULTS
- A-5 ASSESSMENT OF INDEX TEST ERRORS
- NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B NET HEAD AND NPSH DETERMINATION IN SPECIAL CASES [Go to Page]
- B-1 PURPOSE
- B-2 APPLICATION
- B-3 VARIABLES
- B-4 FLOW RATE, Q
- B-5 TOTAL HEAD OF HIGH PRESSURE SECTION, H1
- B-6 TOTAL HEAD OF LOW PRESSURE SECTION, H2
- B-7 DETERMINATION OF NET HEAD, HN
- B-8 DETERMINATION OF NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)
- NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C ACOUSTIC SCINTILLATION METHOD OF DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- C-1 GENERAL
- C-2 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
- C-3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
- NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D DERIVATION OF THE PRESSURE–TIME FLOW INTEGRAL FOR NUMERICAL INTEGRATION [Go to Page]
- D-1 GENERAL
- NONMANDATORY APPENDIX E RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TESTING AERATING TURBINES FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN IMPROVEMENT [Go to Page]
- E-1 OBJECT AND SCOPE
- E-2 GENERAL ISSUES
- E-3 METHODS OF AERATION
- E-4 GUIDING PRINCIPLES
- E-5 RECOMMENDATIONS
- E-6 EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION
- E-7 REFERENCES [Go to Page]
