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ASME PTC 34 - 2017(R2022) - Waste Combustors with Energy Recovery, 2017
- CONTENTS
- NOTICE
- FOREWORD
- ASME PTC COMMITTEE ROSTER
- CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC COMMITTEE
- INTRODUCTION
- Section 1 Object and Scope [Go to Page]
- 1-1 OBJECT [Go to Page]
- 1-1.1 Introduction
- 1-1.2 Other Applications
- 1-2 SCOPE
- 1-3 UNCERTAINTY
- Section 2 Definitions and Description of Terms [Go to Page]
- 2-1 DEFINITIONS
- 2-2 DESCRIPTION OF TERMS
- 2-3 UNITS AND CONVERSIONS
- 2-4 STEAM GENERATOR ENVELOPE [Go to Page]
- 2-4.1 Fuel
- 2-4.2 Air
- 2-4.3 Flue Gas
- 2-4.4 Steam/Waters
- 2-4.5 Miscellaneous
- Section 3 Guiding Principles [Go to Page]
- 3-1 INTRODUCTION
- 3-2 PLANNING FOR THE TEST [Go to Page]
- 3-2.1 General Preparations
- 3-2.2 Pretest Uncertainty Analysis
- 3-3 TEST PERSONNEL AND RESPONSIBILITIES
- 3-4 TEST PREPARATION, TEST APPARATUS, AND PLANT EQUIPMENT [Go to Page]
- 3-4.1 General Preparations
- 3-4.2 Preliminary Testing
- 3-5 CONDUCT OF TEST [Go to Page]
- 3-5.1 Starting and Stopping Test Runs
- 3-5.2 Methods of Operation During Tests
- 3-5.3 Adjustments During Tests
- 3-5.4 Duration and Number of Test Runs
- 3-5.5 Constancy of Test Conditions
- 3-6 DATA EVALUATION AND REPORTING [Go to Page]
- 3-6.1 Causes for Rejection of Specific Data or Test Runs
- 3-6.2 Uncertainty
- 3-6.3 Data Storage and Retrieval
- 3-6.4 Test Report
- 3-7 PRIOR AGREEMENTS [Go to Page]
- 3-7.1 Test Planning
- 3-7.2 Test Personnel
- 3-7.3 Test Preparation and Test Apparatus/Plant Equipment
- 3-7.4 Conduct of Test
- 3-7.5 Data Analysis, Calculations, and Reporting
- Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement [Go to Page]
- 4-1 INTRODUCTION
- 4-2 DATA REQUIRED
- 4-3 GENERAL MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS [Go to Page]
- 4-3.1 Calibration [Go to Page]
- 4-3.1.1 Temperature.
- 4-3.1.2 Pressure or Differential Pressure.
- 4-3.1.3 Flue Gas Composition.
- 4-3.2 Flue Gas Analysis [Go to Page]
- 4-3.2.1 Dry Flue Gases.
- 4-3.2.2 Water Vapor.
- 4-3.3 Flow Weighting
- 4-3.4 Frequency of Measurements
- 4-3.5 Estimating Measurement Systematic Error
- 4-4 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- 4-4.1 General
- 4-4.2 Measurement Systematic Errors for Temperature
- 4-4.3 Air and Gas Temperature [Go to Page]
- 4-4.3.1 Method of Measurement.
- 4-4.3.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors.
- 4-4.4 Steam and Water Temperatures [Go to Page]
- 4-4.4.1 Method of Measurement.
- 4-4.4.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors.
- 4-4.5 Waste Fuel Temperature
- 4-4.6 Residue Temperature
- 4-5 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- 4-5.1 General
- 4-5.2 Measurement Systematic Errors for Pressure
- 4-5.3 Steam and Water Static Pressure [Go to Page]
- 4-5.3.1 Method of Measurement.
- 4-5.3.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors.
- 4-5.4 Barometric Pressure [Go to Page]
- 4-5.4.1 Method of Measurement.
- 4-5.4.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors.
- 4-6 FLOW MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- 4-6.1 General
- 4-6.2 Systematic Errors for Flow
- 4-6.3 Steam and Water Flow [Go to Page]
- 4-6.3.1 Method of Measurement.
- 4-6.3.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors.
- 4-6.4 Wet Flue Gas Flow [Go to Page]
- 4-6.4.1 Economizer Heat Balance Method of Flow Measurement.
- 4-6.4.2 Estimating Systematic Errors for Economizer Heat Balance.
- 4-6.4.3 Velocity Traverse Method of Measurement.
- 4-6.4.4 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors.
- 4-6.5 Waste Fuel Flow [Go to Page]
- 4-6.5.1 Method of Measurement
- 4-6.5.2 Estimating Random Errors
- 4-6.6 Residue Flow [Go to Page]
- 4-6.6.1 Method of Measurement.
- 4-6.6.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors.
- 4-6.7 Supplementary Fuel Flow [Go to Page]
- 4-6.7.1 Method of Measurement.
- 4-6.7.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors.
- 4-6.8 Airflow [Go to Page]
- 4-6.8.1 Method of Measurement.
- 4-6.8.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors.
- 4-6.9 Minor Water Flow [Go to Page]
- 4-6.9.1 Method of Measurement.
- 4-6.9.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors.
- 4-7 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS [Go to Page]
- 4-7.1 General
- 4-7.2 Flue Gas Sampling [Go to Page]
- 4-7.2.1 Methods of Flue Gas Sampling.
- 4-7.2.2 Measurement Systematic Error for Flue Gas Sampling.
- 4-7.3 Flue Gas Analysis [Go to Page]
- 4-7.3.1 Methods of Flue Gas Analysis.
- 4-7.3.2 Measurement Systematic Error for Flue Gas Analysis.
- 4-7.4 Ash Residue Sampling [Go to Page]
- 4-7.4.1 Mixing and Reduction.
- 4-7.4.2 Compositing.
- 4-7.4.3 Measurement Systematic Error for Residue Sampling.
- 4-7.5 Ash Residue Analysis [Go to Page]
- 4-7.5.1 Moisture in the Ash Residue
- 4-7.5.2 Dry Weight of the Analysis Sample
- 4-7.5.3 Unburned Combustibles in the Ash Residue
- 4-7.6 Supplementary Fuels [Go to Page]
- 4-7.6.1 Liquid Fuel.
- 4-7.6.2 Gaseous Fuel.
- 4-7.7 Humidity [Go to Page]
- 4-7.7.1 Method of Measurement.
- 4-7.7.2 Measurement Systematic Error for Humidity.
- Section 5 Computation of Results [Go to Page]
- 5-1 INTRODUCTION
- 5-2 MEASUREMENT DATA REDUCTION [Go to Page]
- 5-2.1 Calibration Corrections
- 5-2.2 Outliers
- 5-2.3 Averaging Test Measurement Data
- 5-3 OUTPUT QrO, Btu/hr W [Go to Page]
- 5-3.1 Output in Main Steam
- 5-3.2 Auxiliary Steam
- 5-3.3 Blowdown
- 5-4 INPUT
- 5-5 ENERGY BALANCE
- 5-6 EFFICIENCY [Go to Page]
- 5-6.1 Efficiency -- Energy Balance Using the Boiler as a Calorimeter
- 5-6.2 Efficiency Calculation Convergence Tolerance
- 5-7 RESIDUE PROPERTIES [Go to Page]
- 5-7.1 Mass Flow Rates of Residue
- 5-7.2 Wet Bottom Ash Removal Systems
- 5-8 FLUE GAS PRODUCTS [Go to Page]
- 5-8.1 Wet Gas From Fuel
- 5-8.2 Dry Gas From Fuel
- 5-8.3 Simplifications -- N2 and SOx From Fuel
- 5-8.4 Molecular Weight of Dry Flue Gas
- 5-8.5 Dry Air Weight
- 5-8.6 Water From Air
- 5-8.7 Additional Moisture
- 5-8.8 Water From Fuel
- 5-8.9 Determination of Performance Parameters at Alternate Locations
- 5-8.10 Density of Flue Gas
- 5-9 COMBUSTION AIR PROPERTIES [Go to Page]
- 5-9.1 Physical Properties
- 5-9.2 Moisture in Air, lbm/lbm kg/kg Dry Air
- 5-9.3 Excess Air
- 5-9.4 Theoretical Air, lbm/Btu kg/J
- 5-9.5 Density of Air, lbm/ft3 kg/m3
- 5-10 AIR AND FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE [Go to Page]
- 5-10.1 Reference Temperature, deg. F (deg. C)
- 5-10.2 Average Entering Air Temperature, deg. F (deg. C)
- 5-10.3 Corrected Gas Outlet Temperature (Excluding AH Leakage), deg. F (deg. C)
- 5-10.4 Average Exit Gas Temperature, deg. F (deg. C)
- 5-11 LOSSES [Go to Page]
- 5-11.1 Dry Gas Loss, Btu/hr
- 5-11.2 Water From Fuel Loss
- 5-11.3 QrLAp -- Wet Ash Pit Loss
- 5-11.4 Loss Due to Moisture in Air
- 5-11.5 Loss Due to Unburned Combustibles in Residue
- 5-11.6 Loss Due to Carbon Monoxide in Flue Gas, Btu/hr
- 5-11.7 Loss Due to Sensible Heat of Residue
- 5-11.8 Loss Due to Surface Radiation and Convection
- 5-11.9 Loss Due to Additional Moisture
- 5-11.10 Loss From Recycled Streams
- 5-11.11 Loss Due to Steam Coil Air Heater When Steam Source Is From Boiler
- 5-11.12 Loss From Cooling Water
- 5-11.13 Conversion of Losses to Percent Input From Fuel Basis
- 5-12 CREDITS [Go to Page]
- 5-12.1 Credit Due to Entering Dry Air
- 5-12.2 Credit Due to Moisture in Entering Dry Air
- 5-12.3 Credit Due to Sensible Heat in As-Fired Fuel
- 5-12.4 Credit Due to Auxiliary Equipment Power
- 5-12.5 Credit Due to Energy in Additional Moisture
- 5-12.6 Conversion of Credits to Percent Input From Fuel Basis
- 5-13 SUPPLEMENTARY FUEL INPUT
- 5-14 HHV OF WASTE FUEL
- 5-15 SORBENT AND OTHER ADDITIVES
- 5-16 UNCERTAINTY [Go to Page]
- 5-16.1 Sensitivity Coefficients
- 5-16.2 Standard Deviation of the Mean
- 5-16.3 Random Error Component of Uncertainty
- 5-16.4 Systematic Uncertainty
- 5-16.5 Total Overall Uncertainty
- 5-17 OTHER OPERATING PARAMETERS [Go to Page]
- 5-17.1 Steam Temperature
- 5-17.2 Pressure Loss
- 5-17.3 Static Pressures
- 5-17.4 Exit Gas Temperature
- 5-17.5 Air Leakage or Infiltration
- 5-18 CORRECTIONS TO STANDARD OR GUARANTEE CONDITIONS [Go to Page]
- 5-18.1 Entering Air Temperature
- 5-18.2 Exit Gas Temperature
- 5-18.3 Units Without Recuperative Air Heater(s)
- 5-18.4 Units With Recuperative Air Heater(s)
- 5-18.5 Fuel Analysis
- 5-18.6 Throughput
- 5-18.7 Output
- 5-18.8 Residue
- 5-18.9 Excess Air
- 5-18.10 Other Entering Streams
- 5-18.11 Miscellaneous Efficiency Corrections
- 5-18.12 Air and Gas Resistance
- 5-18.13 Steam or Water Pressure Loss
- 5-18.14 Uncertainty of Corrected Results
- 5-19 ENTHALPY OF AIR, FLUE GAS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES COMMONLY REQUIRED FOR ENERGY BALANCE CALCULATIONS [Go to Page]
- 5-19.1 Enthalpy of Air, Btu/lbm (J/kg)
- 5-19.2 Enthalpy of Flue Gas, Btu/lbm (J/kg)
- 5-19.3 Enthalpy of Dry Residue, Btu/lbm
- 5-19.4 Enthalpy of Water Vapor at 77 deg. F (25 deg. C) Reference, Btu/lbm
- 5-19.5 Enthalpy of Steam/Water at 1 psia, 32 deg. F (0 deg. C) Reference, Btu/lbm
- 5-19.6 Enthalpy of Fuel Oil, Btu/lbm
- 5-19.7 Enthalpy of Natural Gas, Btu/lbm
- 5-19.8 Enthalpy Coefficients for Abbreviated JANAF/NASA Correlation
- 5-19.9 Curves for Calculating Enthalpy
- 5-20 ACRONYMS [Go to Page]
- 5-20.1 Basis for Acronyms
- 5-20.2 List of Acronyms Used
- Section 6 Report of Results [Go to Page]
- 6-1 INTRODUCTION
- 6-2 CONTENTS OF REPORT [Go to Page]
- 6-2.1 Title Page
- 6-2.2 Table of Contents
- 6-2.3 General Information
- 6-2.4 Summary
- 6-2.5 Introduction
- 6-2.6 Objectives and Agreements
- 6-2.7 Test Descriptions and Procedures
- 6-2.8 Results
- 6-2.9 Uncertainty Analysis
- 6-2.10 Conclusions and Recommendations
- 6-2.11 Appendices
- Section 7 Uncertainty Analysis [Go to Page]
- 7-1 INTRODUCTION [Go to Page]
- 7-1.1 General List of Symbols for Section 7
- 7-1.2 Subscripts
- 7-1.3 Superscript
- 7-2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS [Go to Page]
- 7-2.1 Benefits of Uncertainty Analysis
- 7-2.2 Uncertainty Analysis Principles
- 7-2.3 Averaging and Models for Variability
- 7-2.4 Overview of Procedures for Determining Random and Systematic Uncertainty and Their Propagation
- 7-3 PRETEST UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS AND TEST PLANNING
- 7-4 EQUATIONS AND PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING THE STANDARD DEVIATION FOR THE ESTIMATE OF RANDOM ERROR [Go to Page]
- 7-4.1 Standard Deviation of Individual Parameters
- 7-4.2 Standard Deviation and Degrees of Freedom for Intermediate Results
- 7-4.3 Standard Deviation and Degrees of Freedom of Test Results
- 7-5 EQUATIONS AND GUIDANCE FOR DETERMINING SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY [Go to Page]
- 7-5.1 General Rules
- 7-5.2 Systematic Uncertainties in Measured Parameters Due to Instrumentation
- 7-5.3 Systematic Uncertainty in Spatially Nonuniform Parameters
- 7-5.4 Systematic Uncertainty Due to Assumed Values for Unmeasured Parameters
- 7-5.5 Degrees of Freedom for Systematic Uncertainty Estimates
- 7-5.6 Systematic Uncertainty for Test Results
- 7-6 UNCERTAINTY OF TEST RESULTS
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Fig. 2-4-1 Typical System Boundary
- Fig. 3-5.4-1 Repeatability of Runs
- Fig. 4-4.3.1-1 Sampling Grids — Rectangular Ducts
- Fig. 4-4.3.1-2 Sampling Grids — Circular Ducts
- Fig. 5-19.9-1 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Air vs. Temperature
- Fig. 5-19.9-2 Mean Specific Heat of Water Vapor vs. Temperature
- Fig. 5-19.9-3 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Flue Gas vs. Temperature
- Fig. 5-19.9-4 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Residue vs. Temperature
- Fig. 7-2.2-1 Types of Errors in Measurements
- Fig. 7-2.2-2 Time Dependence of Errors
- Fig. 7-2.3-1 Constant-Value and Continuous-Variable Models
- Fig. 7-5.2.1-1 Generic Calibration Curve
- Fig. I-1 Standard Radiation and Convection Loss Chart
- Fig. B-2-1 Temperature-Measuring System
- Fig. B-3-1 Pressure-Measuring System
- Fig. B-4-1 Flow-Measuring System
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 2-3-1 Units and Conversions
- Table 3-5.5-1 Operating Parameter Deviations
- Table 4-2-1 Parameters Required for Input, Efficiency, and HHV Determinations
- Table 4-2-2 Parameters Required for Wet Flue Gas Flow Using Economizer Heat Balance
- Table 4-2-3 Parameters Required to Determine Corrected Flue Gas Exit Temperature
- Table 4-3.5-1 Potential Instrumentation Systematic Uncertainties
- Table 5-16.3-1 Two-Tailed Student’s t Table for the 95% Confidence Level
- Table 5-20.2-1 List of Acronyms Used
- Table 5-20.2-2 Measurement and Uncertainty Acronyms
- Table B-2-1 Measured Data Reduction Worksheet for Water Temperature
- Table B-2-2 Systematic Uncertainty Worksheet for Water Temperature
- Table B-3-1 Measured Data Reduction Worksheet for Feedwater Pressure
- Table B-3-2 Systematic Uncertainty Worksheet for Feedwater Pressure
- Table B-4-1 Measured Data Reduction Worksheet for Feedwater Flow
- Table B-4-2 Systematic Uncertainty Worksheet for Feedwater Flow
- Table B-5-1 Example Test Data and Data Reduction
- Table B-6-1 Determination of Test Uncertainty for HHV: Economizer Heat Balance Method
- MANDATORY APPENDIX I STANDARD RADIATION AND CONVECTION LOSS CHART
- NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A SAMPLE CALCULATION PROCEDURES FOR WASTE COMBUSTORS WITH ENERGY RECOVERY [Go to Page]
- A-1 BOILER EFFICIENCY BY THE HEAT BALANCE METHOD HHV OF FUEL USING THE BOILER-AS-A-CALORIMETER METHOD
- A-2 UNBURNED COMBUSTIBLE AND RESIDUE CALCULATIONS (FORM RESREF) [Go to Page]
- A-2.1 If Residue Mass Flow Rates Not Measured
- A-2.2 If Residue Mass Flow Rates Measured
- A-2.3 Sensible Heat Loss From Residue
- A-3 COMBUSTION CALCULATIONS -- WASTE COMBUSTORS USING MEASURED GAS WEIGHT (FORM CMBREF) [Go to Page]
- A-3.1 Introduction
- A-3.2 Calculations
- A-4 EFFICIENCY/INPUT/HHV CALCULATIONS -- WASTE COMBUSTORS USING MEASURED GAS WEIGHT (FORM EFFREF) [Go to Page]
- A-4.1 Introduction
- A-4.2 Data Required
- NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B SAMPLE UNCERTAINTY CALCULATIONS [Go to Page]
- B-1 INTRODUCTION
- B-2 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
- B-3 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
- B-4 FLOW MEASUREMENT
- B-5 WASTE FUEL FLOW MEASUREMENT
- B-6 WASTE COMBUSTOR WITH ENERGY RECOVERY OVERALL UNCERTAINTY
- NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING MOISTURE, COMBUSTIBLE CONTENT, AND HEATING VALUE OF RESIDUE FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMBUSTORS [Go to Page]
- C-1 SCOPE
- C-2 SUMMARY OF TEST METHOD
- C-3 SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
- C-4 APPARATUS [Go to Page]
- C-4.1 Electric Muffle Furnace
- C-4.2 Sample Pan
- C-4.3 Balance
- C-4.4 Container Tongs
- C-4.5 Insulated Gloves
- C-5 PROCEDURE [Go to Page]
- C-5.1 Residue Sample Wet Weight, B
- C-5.2 Residue Sample Dry Weight, C
- C-5.3 Residue Sample Dry Ash Weight, D
- C-6 CALCULATIONS [Go to Page]
- C-6.1 Moisture Percent
- C-6.2 Combustible Percent
- C-6.3 Heating Value
- NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D REFERENCES [Go to Page]