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BS 5534:2014+A2:2018 Slating and tiling for pitched roofs and vertical cladding. Code of practice, 2018
- Foreword
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms, definitions and symbols
- 4 Materials, fittings and accessories [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Clay tiles and fittings (single-lap and double-lap)
- 4.2 Concrete tiles and fittings (single-lap and double-lap)
- 4.3 Fibre-cement slates and fittings
- 4.4 Natural slates and fittings
- 4.5 Bitumen shingles
- 4.6 Proprietary products
- 4.7 Wooden shingles and shakes
- 4.8 Metal tiles
- 4.9 Roofing underlay
- 4.10 Board and sheet sarking
- Table 1 — Material specifications for board and sheet sarking
- Table 2 — Material specifications for insulated board sarking
- 4.11 Timber battens and counterbattens
- Table 3 — Minimum timber batten sizes (roofing and vertical work)
- 4.12 Mechanical fixings
- Table 4 — Dimensions of drive-in slate hooks
- Figure 1 — Drive-in slate hook dimensions
- 4.13 Flashings and junctions
- 4.14 Mortar
- Table 5 — Materials for flashings and junctions
- Table 6 — Recommended standard mortar mixes for slating and tiling (all proportions by volume)
- 4.15 Other fittings and accessories
- 5 Design criteria [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Structural stability
- 5.3 Resistance to wind uplift
- Table 7 — Minimum spacing of nails and screws
- 5.4 Rain and snow resistance
- Figure 2 — UK map of categories of exposure to driving rain
- Figure 3 — Laps for centre-nailed, head-fixed and shoulder-fixed double-lap slates
- Figure 4 — Lap and pitch of slates in double-lap slating
- Figure 5 — Lap and pitch of tiles in double-lap plain tiles
- Figure 6 — Lap and pitch of tiles in single-lap tiles
- 5.5 Minimum pitch, head-laps and side-laps for roofs
- Table 8 — Values of c for head-lap calculations for double-lap fibre-cement and natural slates, nail-fixed or hook-fixed
- Table 9 — Minimum head-laps and E1 factors for double-lap fibre-cement and natural slates, pegged, nailed or hook-fixed A), B), C), D), E)
- 5.6 Minimum head-laps, side-laps and overlaps for walls (75° pitch and above)
- 5.7 Aesthetics
- 5.8 Durability
- 5.9 Hygrothermal factors
- 5.10 Fire
- 5.11 Sound
- 5.12 Sustainability
- 6 Application and installation details [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- 6.2 Underlays
- Table 10 — Unsealedhead-laps for underlay
- 6.3 Battens, counterbattens and sarking boards
- 6.4 Double-lap clay and concrete plain tiles
- 6.5 Single-lap clay and concrete interlocking tiles
- 6.6 Fibre-cement slates
- 6.7 Natural slates
- 6.8 Bitumen shingles
- 6.9 Metal tiles
- 6.10 Wooden shingles and shakes
- 6.11 Other tiles and artificial slates (non-traditional)
- 6.12 Vertical (75° or steeper) slating, tiling and shingling
- 6.13 Roof drainage, flashings and weatherings
- Figure 7 — Valley gutter with unbedded and bedded tiles or slates
- Table 11 — Minimum widths of valley gutter for different roof pitches and plan areas
- Table 12 — Minimum width of lead to line valley gutters for different roof pitches and plan areas
- 6.14 Workmanship, repairs and maintenance
- Annex A (normative) Method of test and verification of suitability of roof underlays for wind uplift resistance [Go to Page]
- Figure A.1 — Layout of test assembly
- Figure A.2 — Cross-section of test assembly (shown with uplift pressure applied)
- Figure A.3 — Locations of nails for nailing overlap to rafter
- Figure A.4 — Design wind pressures for geographical wind zones in the UK for underlays used for specific applications conforming to conditions in A.7
- Figure A.5 — Illustration of a zonal-classification label for an underlay
- Annex B (normative) Design and installation of pitched roof systems where insulation is placed at rafter level [Go to Page]
- Figure B.1 — Force diagram of vectored load down a roof slope
- Figure B.2 — Bending stress in a fixing through rigid insulation
- Figure B.3 — Bending moment diagram of a fixing through rigid insulation
- Figure B.4 — Deflection diagram of a fixing through rigid insulation
- Annex C (normative) Reinforced bitumen underlays [Go to Page]
- Table C.1 — Recommendations for mass per unit area of constituent materials
- Annex D (normative) Permissible characteristics and defects for grading timber battens Text deleted [Go to Page]
- Figure D.1 — Examples of knot configurations
- Figure D.2 — Permissible wane
- Figure D.3 — Permissible depth of fissures
- Figure D.4 — Permissible slope of grain
- Figure D.5 — Permissible rate of growth
- Figure D.6 — Measurement of distortion
- Annex E (normative) Preservative treatment for timber battens
- Annex F (normative) Determination of batten sizes by calculation [Go to Page]
- Table F.1 — GS grade bending stresses and moduli for batten timber species
- Annex G (informative) Examples of structural design calculations for tiling battens [Go to Page]
- Figure G.1 — Loads and bending moments on roof battens
- Annex H (normative) Formulae and the calculation of wind loads on the underlay, sarking boards, slates, tiles, ridges, hips and valleys [Go to Page]
- Table H.1 — Net uplift coefficient, cp,net, for single-lap tiles and double-lap slates
- Table H.2 — Net uplift coefficient, cp,net, for plain tiles
- Table H.3 — Summarized values of external pressure coefficient, cpe
- Figure H.1 — Key for cp,net data for duopitch and hipped roofs
- Figure H.2 — Key for cp,net data for monopitch roofs
- Table H.4 — Values of roof substrate shielding factor, S
- Figure H.3 — Wind uplift loading on single-lap tiles, including where the eaves overhang exceeds 60 mm
- Figure H.4 — Wind uplift loading on double-lap slates or tiles, including where the eaves overhang exceeds 60 mm
- Figure H.5 — Wind uplift loading on single-lap tiles where the verge overhang exceeds 60 mm
- Figure H.6 — Distances around obstructions
- Figure H.7 — Wind uplift loading on ridges and hips
- Table H.5 — Design ultimate withdrawal resistance against wind loading for nails A)
- Table H.6 — Design ultimate withdrawal resistance against wind loading for screws A)
- Table H.7 — Values of Kn for tiles
- Table H.8 — Wind uplift resistance of twice nailed plain tiles
- Annex I (normative) Method of test for tile clip strength and calculation of wind uplift resistance for clipped single-lap tiles [Go to Page]
- Example of an arrangement of the test apparatus for determination of clip strength for single-lap tiles
- Example of a hinged batten for supporting a clipped test tile
- Figure I.3 — Tiles laid in straight bond
- Figure I.4 — Tiles laid in broken (half) bond
- Table I.1 — Values of kn for single-lap tile fasteners
- System of forces in an array of clipped tiles under uplift load
- Annex J (normative) Method of test and calculation for wind uplift resistance of drive-in hook fixings for double-lap slates [Go to Page]
- Figure J.1 — Example of an arrangement of the test apparatus for determination of drive-in hook fixing strength for double-lap slates
- Table J.1 — Values of kn for drive-in slate hooks
- Annex K (informative) Worked examples of wind uplift and fixing calculations [Go to Page]
- Figure K.1 — Dimensions and forces acting on a single-lap tile
- Figure K.2 — Dimensions and forces acting on a plain tile
- Table K.1 — Wind uplift resistance of twice nailed plain tiles fixed in various patterns assuming aluminium nails meeting the recommendations of
- Table K.2 — Wind uplift resistance of twice nailed plain tiles fixed in various patterns assuming stainless steel nails meeting the recommendations of
- Figure K.3 — Dimensions and forces on centre-nailed double-lap slating with an example of drive-in slate hook arrangement
- Annex L (normative) Method of test for air permeability of unsealed small element roofing assemblies [Go to Page]
- Figure L.1 — Arrangement of apparatus
- Table L.1 — Arrangement of unsealed elements
- Figure L.2 — Plenum chamber arrangement for air permeability test
- Bibliography [Go to Page]