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eLibrary > BS EN 1992-1-1:2023 Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures - General rules and rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures >

BS EN 1992-1-1:2023 Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures - General rules and rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures, 2023

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BS EN 1992-1-1:2023 Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures - General rules and rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures, 2023

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1 Scope [Go to Page]
1.1 Scope of EN 1992-1-1
1.2 Assumptions
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and symbols [Go to Page]
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations [Go to Page]
3.2.1 Latin upper case letters
3.2.2 Latin lower case letters
3.2.3 Greek letters
3.3 Symbols in Annex A [Go to Page]
3.3.1 Latin upper case letters
3.3.2 Latin lower case letters
3.3.3 Greek lower case letters
3.4 Symbols in Annex I [Go to Page]
3.4.1 Latin upper case letters
3.4.2 Latin lower case letters
3.4.3 Greek lower case letters
3.5 Symbols in Annex J [Go to Page]
3.5.1 Latin upper case letters
3.5.2 Latin lower-case letters
3.5.3 Greek lower-case letters
3.6 Symbols in Annex L [Go to Page]
3.6.1 Latin upper case letters
3.6.2 Latin lower case letters
3.6.3 Greek letters
3.7 Symbols in Annex R [Go to Page]
3.7.1 Latin upper case letters
3.7.2 Latin lower case letters
3.7.3 Greek letters
3.8 Abbreviations
3.9 Units
3.10 Sign conventions
4 Basis of design [Go to Page]
4.1 General rules [Go to Page]
4.1.1 Basic requirements
4.1.2 Structural reliability and quality management
4.1.3 Design service life
4.2 Basic variables [Go to Page]
4.2.1 Actions and time-dependent effects [Go to Page]
4.2.1.1 General
4.2.1.2 Time-dependent effects
4.2.1.3 Effects resulting from restrained, imposed deformations
4.2.1.4 Ground-structure interaction
4.2.1.5 Prestress
4.2.1.6 Effect of water or gas pressure
4.2.2 Geometric data
4.3 Verification by the partial factor method [Go to Page]
4.3.1 Partial factor for shrinkage action
4.3.2 Partial factors for prestress action
4.3.3 Partial factors for materials
4.4 Requirements for connection of elements to concrete members
5 Materials [Go to Page]
5.1 Concrete [Go to Page]
5.1.1 General
5.1.2 Properties and related conditions
5.1.3 Strength
5.1.4 Elastic deformation
5.1.5 Creep and shrinkage
5.1.6 Design assumptions
5.2 Reinforcing steel [Go to Page]
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Properties
5.2.3 Welding of reinforcing bars
5.2.4 Design assumptions
5.2.5 Reinforcement bar couplers
5.2.6 Headed bars for reinforcement
5.3 Prestressing steel [Go to Page]
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Properties
5.3.3 Design assumptions
5.4 Prestressing systems [Go to Page]
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Anchorage zones
6 Durability and concrete cover [Go to Page]
6.1 General
6.2 Requirements for durability
6.3 Environmental exposure conditions
6.4 Exposure resistance classes
6.5 Concrete cover [Go to Page]
6.5.1 Nominal cover
6.5.2 Minimum cover [Go to Page]
6.5.2.1 General
6.5.2.2 Minimum cover for durability
6.5.2.3 Minimum cover for bond
6.5.3 Allowance in design for deviation in cover
7 Structural analysis [Go to Page]
7.1 General
7.2 Structural modelling for analysis [Go to Page]
7.2.1 Geometric imperfections [Go to Page]
7.2.1.1 General
7.2.1.2 Representation of imperfections
7.2.2 Idealisation of the structure
7.2.3 Geometric data
7.3 Methods of analysis [Go to Page]
7.3.1 Linear elastic analysis
7.3.2 Linear elastic analysis with redistribution
7.3.3 Plastic analysis [Go to Page]
7.3.3.1 General
7.3.3.2 Analysis for beams, frames and slabs without verification of rotation capacity
7.3.3.3 Analysis with stress fields and strut-and-tie models
7.3.4 Non-linear analysis
7.4 Second order structural analysis of members and systems with axial force [Go to Page]
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Creep
7.4.3 Methods of analysis [Go to Page]
7.4.3.1 General
7.4.3.2 Simplified methods based on nominal curvature and second order linear analysis
7.4.3.3 General non-linear analysis method
7.4.4 Compression member with biaxial bending
7.5 Lateral instability of slender beams
7.6 Prestressed members and structures [Go to Page]
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Prestressing force
7.6.3 Immediate losses of prestress [Go to Page]
7.6.3.1 General
7.6.3.2 Losses due to friction
7.6.3.3 Losses due to anchorage seating
7.6.3.4 Losses due to the instantaneous deformation of concrete
7.6.4 Time dependent losses of prestress
7.6.5 Effects of prestressing at ultimate limit state
8 Ultimate Limit States (ULS) [Go to Page]
8.1 Bending with or without axial force [Go to Page]
8.1.1 General
8.1.2 Stress distribution in the compression zones
8.1.3 Bending in slabs
8.1.4 Confined concrete
8.2 Shear [Go to Page]
8.2.1 General verification procedure
8.2.2 Detailed verification for members without shear reinforcement
8.2.3 Members with shear reinforcement
8.2.4 In-plane shear and transverse bending
8.2.5 Shear between web and flanges
8.2.6 Shear at interfaces
8.3 Torsion and combined actions [Go to Page]
8.3.1 General considerations for torsion
8.3.2 Internal forces due to torsion in compact or closed sections
8.3.3 Internal forces due to torsion in open sections
8.3.4 Torsional resistance of compact or closed sections
8.3.5 Design procedure for combination of actions
8.3.6 Interaction formula
8.4 Punching [Go to Page]
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Shear-resisting effective depth, control perimeter and shear stress
8.4.3 Punching shear resistance of slabs without shear reinforcement
8.4.4 Punching shear resistance of slabs with shear reinforcement
8.5 Design with strut-and-tie models and stress fields [Go to Page]
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Struts and compression fields
8.5.3 Ties
8.5.4 Nodes [Go to Page]
8.5.4.1 Definitions
8.5.4.2 CCC nodes
8.5.4.3 CCT nodes
8.5.4.4 CTT nodes
8.5.5 Transfer of concentrated forces into a member
8.6 Partially loaded areas
9 Serviceability Limit States (SLS) [Go to Page]
9.1 General
9.2 Stress limitations and crack control [Go to Page]
9.2.1 General considerations
9.2.2 Minimum reinforcement areas to avoid yielding
9.2.3 Refined control of cracking
9.3 Deflection control [Go to Page]
9.3.1 General consideration
9.3.2 Simplified deflection control by span/depth-ratio for buildings
9.3.3 Simplified calculation of deflections for reinforced concrete building structures
9.3.4 General method for deflection calculations
9.4 Vibrations
10 Fatigue [Go to Page]
10.1 General
10.2 Combination of actions
10.3 Internal forces and stresses for fatigue verification
10.4 Simplified verification of reinforcing or prestressing steel
10.5 Simplified verification of concrete under compression
10.6 Simplified verification of concrete under shear
10.7 Simplified verification of shear at interfaces
11 Detailing of reinforcement and post-tensioning tendons [Go to Page]
11.1 General
11.2 Spacing of bars
11.3 Permissible mandrel diameters for bent bars
11.4 Anchorage of reinforcing steel in tension and compression [Go to Page]
11.4.1 General
11.4.2 Anchorage of straight bars
11.4.3 Anchorage of bundles
11.4.4 Anchorage of bars with bends and hooks
11.4.5 Anchorage of bars with welded transverse reinforcement
11.4.6 Anchorage of U-bar loops
11.4.7 Anchorage of headed bars in tension
11.4.8 Anchorage of bonded post-installed reinforcing steel
11.5 Laps of reinforcing steel in tension and compression and mechanical couplers [Go to Page]
11.5.1 General
11.5.2 All types of laps
11.5.3 Laps of bundles
11.5.4 Laps using U-bar loops
11.5.5 Laps using headed bars
11.5.6 Mechanical couplers
11.5.7 Full penetration butt weld and fillet weld splices
11.6 Post-tensioning tendons [Go to Page]
11.6.1 General
11.6.2 Minimum spacing of ducts
11.6.3 Minimum radius of curvature and straight length of tendons adjacent to anchorages
11.6.4 Anchorages, couplers and deviators of post-tensioning tendons
11.7 Deviation forces due to curved tensile and compressive chords
12 Detailing of members and particular rules [Go to Page]
12.1 General
12.2 Minimum reinforcement rules
12.3 Beams [Go to Page]
12.3.1 General
12.3.2 Longitudinal reinforcement
12.3.3 Shear and torsion reinforcement
12.3.4 Suspension reinforcement for indirect support
12.4 Slabs [Go to Page]
12.4.1 General
12.4.2 Shear reinforcement
12.5 Slab-column connections and column bases [Go to Page]
12.5.1 Punching shear reinforcement
12.5.2 Integrity reinforcement against progressive collapse of flat slabs
12.6 Columns
12.7 Walls and deep beams
12.8 Foundations
12.9 Tying systems for robustness of buildings [Go to Page]
12.9.1 General
12.9.2 Dimensioning of ties [Go to Page]
12.9.2.1 Peripheral ties
12.9.2.2 Internal ties
12.9.2.3 Horizontal ties to columns and/or walls
12.9.2.4 Vertical ties
12.9.3 Required resistances for ties
12.10 Supports, bearings and expansion joints
13 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures [Go to Page]
13.1 General
13.2 Specific requirements
13.3 Concrete [Go to Page]
13.3.1 Strength for heat curing
13.3.2 Creep and shrinkage
13.4 Structural analysis [Go to Page]
13.4.1 General
13.4.2 Losses of prestress during heat curing [Go to Page]
13.4.2.1 Relaxation losses
13.4.2.2 Thermal losses
13.5 Design and detailing of pre-tensioning tendons [Go to Page]
13.5.1 Arrangement of tendons
13.5.2 Anchorage zones
13.5.3 Transfer of prestress
13.5.4 Anchorage of tensile force at ULS
13.5.5 Shear resistance of precast members without shear reinforcement
13.6 Floor systems for buildings [Go to Page]
13.6.1 Distribution of loads
13.6.2 Diaphragm action
13.6.3 Tying systems for buildings
13.7 Connections and supports [Go to Page]
13.7.1 Connections
13.7.2 Supports
13.8 Pocket foundations for buildings [Go to Page]
13.8.1 General
13.8.2 Pocket foundations with keyed surface
13.8.3 Pocket foundations with smooth or rough surfaces
14 Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures [Go to Page]
14.1 General
14.2 Concrete
14.3 Structural analysis
14.4 Ultimate limit states [Go to Page]
14.4.1 General
14.4.2 Design resistance to bending with axial force
14.4.3 Shear
14.4.4 Torsion
14.4.5 Ultimate limit states induced by structural deformation (buckling) [Go to Page]
14.4.5.1 Slenderness of columns and walls
14.4.5.2 Simplified design method for walls and columns
14.5 Serviceability limit states
14.6 Detailing of members and particular rules [Go to Page]
14.6.1 Structural members
14.6.2 Construction joints
14.6.3 Strip and pad footings
Annex A (informative)Adjustment of partial factors for materials [Go to Page]
A.1 Use of this annex
A.2 Scope and fields of application
A.3 General
Annex B (normative)Time dependent behaviour of materials: strength, creep, shrinkage and elastic strain of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel [Go to Page]
B.1 Use of this annex
B.2 Scope and field of application
B.3 General
B.4 Development of concrete strength and stiffness with time
B.5 Basic formulae for determining the creep coefficient
B.6 Basic formulae for determining the shrinkage strain
B.7 Tests on elastic deformations, creep and shrinkage
B.8 Detailed analysis for creep at variable loading
B.9 Relaxation of prestressing steel
Annex C (normative)Requirements for materials [Go to Page]
C.1 Use of this annex
C.2 Scope and field of application
C.3 Concrete [Go to Page]
C.3.1 Normal weight, heavy weight and Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LWAC)
C.4 Reinforcing steel [Go to Page]
C.4.1 Carbon reinforcing steel
C.4.2 Stainless reinforcing steel
C.5 Prestressing steel
C.6 Couplers
C.7 Headed bars
C.8 Post-installed reinforcing steel systems
Annex D (informative)Evaluation of early-age and long-term cracking due to restraint [Go to Page]
D.1 Use of this annex
D.2 Scope and field of application
D.3 General
D.4 Assessment of temperature history [Go to Page]
D.4.1 General
D.4.2 Material properties related to temperature development
D.5 Stress calculations
D.6 Crack width calculations
Annex E (normative)Additional rules for fatigue verification [Go to Page]
E.1 Use of this annex
E.2 Scope and field of application
E.3 General
E.4 Verification using damage equivalent stress range [Go to Page]
E.4.1 General
E.4.2 Verification for reinforcement
E.4.3 Verification for concrete
E.5 Explicit verifications using Palmgren-Miner Rule [Go to Page]
E.5.1 Verification conditions
E.5.2 Verification procedure for reinforcing and prestressing steel
E.5.3 Verification procedure for concrete under compression
Annex F (informative)Safety formats for non-linear analysis [Go to Page]
F.1 Use of this annex
F.2 Scope and field of application
F.3 General
F.4 Partial factor method (PFM)
F.5 Global factor method (GFM) [Go to Page]
F.5.1 General
F.5.2 Determination of the global resistance factor
F.5.3 Additional material parameters
F.6 Full probabilistic method
F.7 Model uncertainty
Annex G (normative)Design of membrane-, shell- and slab elements [Go to Page]
G.1 Use of this annex
G.2 Scope and field of application
G.3 Design of membrane elements in ULS
G.4 Design of shell- and slab elements in ULS
G.5 Refined control of cracking in membrane elements in SLS
Annex H (informative)Guidance on design of concrete structures for water-tightness [Go to Page]
H.1 Use of this annex
H.2 Scope and field of application
H.3 General
H.4 Tightness classes [Go to Page]
H.4.1 Classification
H.4.2 Tightness requirements
Annex I (informative)Assessment of Existing Structures [Go to Page]
I.1 Use of this annex
I.2 Scope and field of application
I.3 General
I.4 Basis of assessment
I.5 Materials
I.6 Durability - Minimum cover for bond
I.7 Structural analysis
I.8 Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
I.9 Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
I.10 Fatigue
I.11 Detailing of reinforcement and post-tensioning tendons
I.12 Detailing of members and particular rules - Minimum reinforcement rules
Annex J (informative)Strengthening of Existing Concrete Structures with CFRP [Go to Page]
J.1 Use of this annex
J.2 Scope and field of application
J.3 General
J.4 Basis of design
J.5 Materials [Go to Page]
J.5.1 General
J.5.2 Properties
J.5.3 Design assumptions
J.6 Durability
J.7 Structural analysis
J.8 Ultimate Limit States (ULS) [Go to Page]
J.8.1 Bending with or without axial force [Go to Page]
J.8.1.1 General
J.8.1.2 Concrete columns confined with closed CFRP wrapping
J.8.2 Shear [Go to Page]
J.8.2.1 General verification procedure
J.8.2.2 Detailed verification for members not requiring design shear reinforcement
J.8.2.3 Members requiring design shear reinforcement
J.8.3 Torsion and combined actions
J.8.4 Punching
J.8.5 Design with strut-and-tie models and stress fields
J.9 Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
J.10 Fatigue [Go to Page]
J.10.1 Basic fatigue analysis for externally bonded CFRP systems
J.10.2 Refined fatigue analysis for externally bonded CFRP systems
J.10.3 Near surface mounted CFRP strips
J.11 Bond and anchorage of CFRP systems [Go to Page]
J.11.1 Anchorage of ABR strengthening systems [Go to Page]
J.11.1.1 Basic anchorage resistance — CFRP to concrete for EBR strengthening
J.11.1.2 EBR anchorage requirements — flexure
J.11.1.3 Basic anchorage resistance — CFRP strips to concrete for NSM CFRP strengthening
J.12 Detailing of members and particular rules [Go to Page]
J.12.1 Flexural strengthening with externally bonded CFRP
J.12.2 Flexural strengthening with NSM CFRP
J.12.3 Permissible radius for bending of CFRP
J.12.4 Permissible layers of CF sheets and CFRP strips
J.12.5 Lapping of closed wrapped strengthening systems
J.13 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
J.14 Lightly reinforced concrete structures
J.15 Material requirements for ABR strengthening systems
Annex K (normative)Bridges [Go to Page]
K.1 Use of this annex
K.2 Scope and field of application
K.3 Terms, definitions and symbols
K.4 Basis of design
K.5 Materials
K.6 Durability and concrete cover
K.7 Structural analysis
K.8 Ultimate limit states (ULS)
K.9 Serviceability limit states (SLS)
K.10 Fatigue verification [Go to Page]
K.10.1 General
K.10.2 General rules using damage equivalent stress range
K.10.3 Verification for reinforcement using damage equivalent stress range [Go to Page]
K.10.3.1 General
K.10.3.2 Road bridges
K.10.3.3 Railway bridges
K.10.4 Verification for concrete using damage equivalent stress range [Go to Page]
K.10.4.1 Road bridges
K.10.4.2 Railway bridges
K.11 Detailing of reinforcement and post-tensioning tendons
K.12 Detailing of members and particular rules [Go to Page]
K.12.1 General
K.12.2 Minimum reinforcement rules
K.12.3 Bridges with external or unbonded internal tendons
K.12.4 Cable stayed, extradosed and suspension bridges
K.13 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
K.14 Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures
K.15 Amendments to Annex G
Annex L (informative)Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Structures [Go to Page]
L.1 Use of this annex
L.2 Scope and field of application
L.3 General
L.4 Basis of design - Partial factors for materials
L.5 Materials [Go to Page]
L.5.1 Properties
L.5.2 Strength
L.5.3 Elastic deformation
L.5.4 Creep and shrinkage
L.5.5 Design assumptions [Go to Page]
L.5.5.1 Design residual tensile strengths
L.5.5.2 Stress-strain relation for structural analysis
L.6 Durability - Minimum cover
L.7 Structural analysis - Plastic analysis
L.8 Ultimate Limit States (ULS) [Go to Page]
L.8.1 Bending with or without axial force
L.8.2 Shear [Go to Page]
L.8.2.1 General verification procedure
L.8.2.2 Detailed verification for members without shear reinforcement
L.8.2.3 Members with shear reinforcement
L.8.3 Torsion - Torsional resistance of compact or closed sections
L.8.4 Punching [Go to Page]
L.8.4.1 Punching shear resistance of SFRC slabs without shear reinforcement
L.8.4.2 Punching shear resistance of SFRC slabs with shear reinforcement
L.8.5 Design with strut-and-tie models - Ties
L.8.6 Partially loaded areas
L.9 Serviceability Limit States (SLS) - Crack control [Go to Page]
L.9.1 General considerations
L.9.2 Minimum reinforcement areas to avoid yielding
L.9.3 Refined control of cracking
L.10 Fatigue
L.11 Detailing of reinforcement and post-tensioning tendons [Go to Page]
L.11.1 General
L.11.2 Spacing of bars
L.12 Detailing of members and particular rules [Go to Page]
L.12.1 Minimum reinforcement rules
L.12.2 Beams [Go to Page]
L.12.2.1 Longitudinal reinforcement
L.12.2.2 Shear and torsion reinforcement
L.12.3 Slabs [Go to Page]
L.12.3.1 General
L.12.3.2 Shear reinforcement
L.12.4 Walls and deep beams
L.12.5 Tying systems for robustness of buildings
L.13 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures [Go to Page]
L.13.1 Concrete - Strength of SFRC
L.13.2 Connections and supports
L.14 Lightly reinforced SFRC structures [Go to Page]
L.14.1 General
L.14.2 Concrete
L.14.3 Ultimate limit states (ULS) - Shear resistance of lightly reinforced SFRC members without longitudinal reinforcement
L.14.4 Serviceability limit states (SLS)
L.14.5 Detailing of members and particular rules [Go to Page]
L.14.5.1 SFRC Column footing on rock
L.14.5.2 Foundations directly on ground
L.14.5.3 Foundations on piles
L.14.5.4 Tunnel lining segments
L.15 Requirements for Materials: SFRC
Annex M (normative)Lightweight aggregate concrete structures [Go to Page]
M.1 Use of this annex
M.2 Scope and field of application
M.3 General
Annex N (informative)Recycled aggregates concrete structures [Go to Page]
N.1 Use of this annex
N.2 Scope and field of application
N.3 General
Annex O (informative)Simplified approaches for second order effects [Go to Page]
O.1 Use of this Annex
O.2 Scope and field of application
O.3 Critical load of building structures
O.4 Critical load of isolated members
O.5 Slenderness ratio and effective length of isolated members
O.6 Slenderness criteria for isolated members
O.7 Simplified analysis of isolated members based on nominal curvature [Go to Page]
O.7.1 General
O.7.2 Design moments
O.7.3 Nominal curvature
O.8 Second order elastic method [Go to Page]
O.8.1 General
O.8.2 Moment magnification method
Annex P (informative)Alternative cover approach for durability [Go to Page]
P.1 Use of this Annex
P.2 Scope and field of application
P.3 Minimum cover
P.4 Indicative strength classes for durability
Annex Q (normative)Stainless reinforcing steel [Go to Page]
Q.1 Use of this annex
Q.2 Scope and field of application
Q.3 General
Q.4 Minimum cover for durability
Q.5 Fatigue verification
Annex R (informative)Embedded FRP reinforcement [Go to Page]
R.1 Use of this annex
R.2 Scope and field of application
R.3 General
R.4 Verification- Partial factors for FRP reinforcement
R.5 Materials [Go to Page]
R.5.1 General
R.5.2 Properties
R.5.3 Design assumptions
R.6 Durability - Concrete cover
R.7 Structural analysis
R.8 Ultimate Limit States (ULS) [Go to Page]
R.8.1 Bending with or without axial forces
R.8.2 Shear
R.8.3 Torsion
R.8.4 Punching
R.8.5 Design with strut-and-tie models and stress fields
R.9 Serviceability Limit States (SLS) - Special rules for FRP reinforcement [Go to Page]
R.9.1 General
R.9.2 Stress limitation and crack control
R.9.3 Deflection control
R.10 Fatigue
R.11 Detailing of FRP reinforcement [Go to Page]
R.11.1 General
R.11.2 Spacing of bars
R.11.3 Permissible mandrel diameters for bent bars
R.11.4 Anchorage of FRP reinforcement in tension and compression
R.11.5 Laps of FRP reinforcement in tension
R.11.6 Post-tensioning tendons
R.11.7 Deviation forces due to curved tensile and compressive chords
R.12 Detailing of members and particular rules [Go to Page]
R.12.1 General
R.12.2 Minimum reinforcement rules
R.12.3 Beams
R.12.4 Slabs
R.12.5 Slab-column connections and column bases
R.12.6 Columns
R.12.7 Walls and deep beams
R.12.8 Foundations
R.12.9 Tying systems for robustness of buildings
R.12.10 Supports, bearings and expansion joints
R.13 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
R.14 Lightly reinforced concrete structures
R.15 Material requirements for FRP reinforcement
R.16 Surface reinforcement for large diameter bars
Annex S (informative)Minimum reinforcement for crack control and simplified control of cracking [Go to Page]
S.1 Use of this annex
S.2 Scope and field of application
S.3 Minimum reinforcement areas for crack width control [Go to Page]

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BS EN 1992-1-1:2023 Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures - General rules and rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures, 2023

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