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eLibrary > BS EN 62256:2017 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines. Rehabilitation and performance improvement >

BS EN 62256:2017 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines. Rehabilitation and performance improvement, 2017

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BS EN 62256:2017 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines. Rehabilitation and performance improvement, 2017

National foreword
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and nomenclature
4 Reasons for rehabilitating [Go to Page]
4.1 General
Tables [Go to Page]
Table 1 – Expected life of a hydropower plant and its subsystems before major work
4.2 Reliability and availability increase
4.3 Life extension and performance restoration
4.4 Performance improvement
4.5 Plant safety improvement
4.6 Environmental, social and regulatory issues
4.7 Maintenance and operating cost reduction
4.8 Other considerations
5 Phases of a rehabilitation project [Go to Page]
5.1 General
Figures [Go to Page]
Figure 1 – Flow diagram depicting the logic of the rehabilitation process
5.2 Decision on organization [Go to Page]
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Expertise required
5.2.3 Contract arrangement
5.3 Level of assessment and determination of scope [Go to Page]
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Feasibility study – Stage 1
5.3.3 Feasibility study – Stage 2
5.3.4 Detailed study
5.4 Contractual issues [Go to Page]
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Specification requirements
5.4.3 Tendering documents and evaluation of tenders
5.4.4 Contract award(s)
5.5 Execution of project [Go to Page]
5.5.1 Model test activities
5.5.2 Design, construction, installation and testing
5.6 Evaluation of results and compliance with guarantees [Go to Page]
5.6.1 General
5.6.2 Turbine performance evaluation
5.6.3 Generator performance evaluation
5.6.4 Penalties and/or bonuses assessment
6 Scheduling, cost analysis and risk analysis [Go to Page]
6.1 Scheduling [Go to Page]
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Scheduling – Assessment, feasibility and detailed study phases
6.1.3 Evaluating the scheduling component of alternatives
6.1.4 Scheduling specification and tendering phase
6.1.5 Scheduling project execution phases
6.2 Economic and financial analyses [Go to Page]
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Benefit-cost analysis
6.2.3 Identification of anticipated benefits
6.2.4 Identification of anticipated costs and benefits
6.2.5 Sensitivity analysis
6.2.6 Conclusions
6.3 Risk analysis [Go to Page]
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Non-achievement of performance risk
6.3.3 Risk of continued operation without rehabilitation
6.3.4 Extension of outage risk
6.3.5 Financial risks
6.3.6 Project scope risk
6.3.7 Other risks
7 Assessment and determination of scope of the work [Go to Page]
7.1 General
7.2 Assessment of the site [Go to Page]
7.2.1 Hydrology
7.2.2 Actual energy production
7.2.3 Environmental, social and regulatory issues
7.3 The assessment of the turbine [Go to Page]
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Turbine integrity assessment
Table 2 – Typical routine inspections
Figure 2 – Critical zones for cracks “A” and “B”in Pelton runner buckets [Go to Page]
7.3.3 Residual life
Figure 3 – Bathtub curve
Figure 4 – Process of residual life estimation
Figure 5 – Schematic behaviour for the different stages in the fatigue process
Table 3 – Example of a rating system for the inspection results
Table 4 – Example of a typical list of turbine components for Francis and Kaplan with different weight factors X1 to X7 based on relative importance
Table 5 – Example of rating of a single component assessment including three assessment criteria
Figure 6 – Start-up and full load strain gauge signal on Francis blade [Go to Page]
7.3.4 Turbine performance assessment
Figure 7 – Relative efficiency versus relative output –Original and new runners
Figure 8 – Relative efficiency versus output – Original and new runners –Outardes 3 generating station
Figure 9 – Efficiency and distribution of losses versus specific speedfor Francis turbines (model) in 2005
Table 6 – Francis turbine potential efficiency improvement (%)for runner profile modifications only
Figure 10 – Relative efficiency gain following modification of the bladeson the La Grande 3 runner, in Quebec, Canada
Table 7 – Potential impact of design and condition of runner seals on Francis turbine efficiency with new replacement runner or rehabilitated runner (%)
Table 8 – Potential total gain in efficiency from the replacement of a Francis turbine runner including the blade profile improvements, the restoration of surface condition and the reduction of seal losses
Table 9 – Potential additional efficiency improvement by rehabilitation/replacement of other water passage components on a Francis turbine (%)
Figure 11 – Potential efficiency improvement for Francis turbine rehabilitation
Figure 12 – Potential efficiency improvement for Kaplan turbine rehabilitation
Figure 13 – Cavitation and corrosion-erosion in Francis runner
Figure 14 – Back side erosion of the entrance into a Pelton bucket
Figure 15 – Leading edge cavitation erosion on a Francis pump-turbine causedby extended periods of operation at very low loads
Figure 16 – Severe particle erosion damage in a Francis runner
7.4 The assessment of related equipment [Go to Page]
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Generator and thrust bearing
7.4.3 Turbine governor
7.4.4 Turbine inlet and outlet valves, pressure relief valve
7.4.5 Auxiliary equipment
7.4.6 Equipment for erection, dismantling and maintenance
7.4.7 Penstock and other water passages
7.4.8 Consequences of changes in plant specific hydraulic energy (head)
7.4.9 Grid integration
8 Hydraulic design and performance testing options [Go to Page]
8.1 General
8.2 Computational hydraulic design [Go to Page]
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 The role of CFD
8.2.3 The process of a CFD cycle
8.2.4 The accuracy of CFD results
8.2.5 How to use CFD for rehabilitation
8.2.6 CFD versus model tests
8.3 Model tests [Go to Page]
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Model test similitude
8.3.3 Model test content
8.3.4 Model test application
8.3.5 Model test location
8.4 Prototype performance test [Go to Page]
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Prototype performance test accuracy
8.4.3 Prototype performance test types
8.4.4 Evaluation of results
9 Specifications [Go to Page]
9.1 General
9.2 Reference standards
9.3 Information to be included in the tender documents
9.4 Documents to be developed in the course of the project
Annex A (informative) Check-list for evaluation of existing turbine [Go to Page]
Table A.1 – Assessment of turbine embedded parts – Stay ring
Table A.2 – Assessment of turbine embedded parts –Spiral or semi-spiral case
Table A.3 – Assessment of turbine embedded parts – Discharge ring
Table A.4 – Assessment of turbine embedded parts – Draft tube
Table A.5 – Assessment of turbine non-embedded, non-rotating parts –Headcover
Table A.6 – Assessment of turbine non-embedded, non-rotating parts –Intermediate and inner headcovers
Table A.7 – Assessment of turbine non embedded, non-rotating parts –Bottom ring
Table A.8 – Assessment of turbine non embedded, non-rotating parts –Guide vanes
Table A.9 – Assessment of turbine non embedded, non-rotating parts –Guide vane operating mechanism
Table A.10 – Assessment of turbine non embedded, non-rotating parts –Operating ring
Table A.11 – Assessment of turbine non embedded, non-rotating parts –Servomotors
Table A.12 – Assessment of turbine non embedded, non-rotating parts –Guide bearings
Table A.13 – Assessment of turbine non embedded, non-rotating parts –Turbine shaft seal (mechanical seal or packing box)
Table A.14 – Assessment of turbine non embedded, non-rotating parts –Thrust bearing support
Table A.15 – Assessment of turbine non embedded, non-rotating parts –Nozzles
Table A.16 – Assessment of turbine non embedded, non-rotating parts –Deflectors and energy dissipation
Table A.17 – Assessment of turbine rotating parts –Runner
Table A.18 – Assessment of turbine rotating parts –Runner
Table A.19 – Assessment of turbine rotating parts –Runner
Table A.20 – Assessment of turbine rotating parts –Turbine shaft
Table A.21 – Assessment of turbine rotating parts –Oil head and oil distribution pipes
Table A.22 – Assessment of turbine auxiliaries –Speed and load regulation system (governor)
Table A.23 – Assessment of turbine auxiliaries –Turbine aeration system
Table A.24 – Assessment of turbine auxiliaries –Lubrication system (guide vane mechanism)
Annex B (informative) Assessment examples [Go to Page]
B.1 General
B.2 Runner (applicable to Francis, Kaplan, propeller and Pelton) [Go to Page]
B.2.1 Documentation – available data
B.2.2 Design review
B.2.3 Inspection items
B.2.4 Assessment of inspection results
B.2.5 Current condition assessment
B.2.6 Scope of work
B.3 Stay ring [Go to Page]
B.3.1 Documentation – available data
B.3.2 Design review
B.3.3 Inspection items
B.3.4 Assessment of inspection results
B.3.5 Current condition assessment
B.3.6 Scope of work (possible action to be taken)
B.4 Guide vanes [Go to Page]
B.4.1 Documentation – Available data
B.4.2 Design review
B.4.3 Inspection items
B.4.4 Assessment of inspection results
B.4.5 Current condition assessment
B.4.6 Scope of work
B.5 Real life example: Pelton runner with severe crack [Go to Page]
B.5.1 Data of the Pelton runner
B.5.2 Fatigue analysis
B.5.3 Fracture-mechanics analysis
B.5.4 Results for the Pelton runner
Annex C (informative) Checklist for evaluation of related equipment [Go to Page]
Table C.1 – Assessment of related equipment –Governor
Table C.2 – Assessment of related equipment –Generator and thrust bearing
Table C.3 – Assessment of related equipment –Penstock and turbine inlet valves
Table C.4 – Assessment of related equipment –Civil works
Table C.5 – Assessment of related equipment –Crane, erection equipment
Bibliography [Go to Page]

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BS EN 62256:2017 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines. Rehabilitation and performance improvement, 2017

⨯To continue with accurate pricing,
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