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eLibrary > BS EN IEC 61400-12-1:2022 Wind energy generation systems - Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines >

BS EN IEC 61400-12-1:2022 Wind energy generation systems - Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines, 2022

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BS EN IEC 61400-12-1:2022 Wind energy generation systems - Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines, 2022

undefined [Go to Page]
Annex ZA (normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications
English [Go to Page]
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols, units and abbreviated terms
5 Power performance method overview
6 Preparation for performance test [Go to Page]
6.1 General
6.2 Wind turbine and electrical connection
Tables [Go to Page]
Table 1 – Overview of wind measurement configurations for power curve measurements that meet the requirements of this document
6.3 Test site [Go to Page]
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Location of the wind measurement equipment
6.3.3 Measurement sector
6.3.4 Correction factors and uncertainty due to flow distortion originating from topography
7 Test equipment [Go to Page]
7.1 Electric power
Figures [Go to Page]
Figure 1 – Requirements as to distance of the wind measurement equipment and maximum allowed measurement sectors
7.2 Wind speed [Go to Page]
7.2.1 General
Table 2 – Wind speed measurement configurations (X indicates allowable configuration) [Go to Page]
7.2.2 General requirements for meteorological mast mounted anemometers
7.2.3 Top-mounted anemometers
7.2.4 Side-mounted anemometers
7.2.5 Remote sensing device (RSD)
7.2.6 Rotor equivalent wind speed measurement
7.2.7 Hub height wind speed measurement
7.2.8 Wind shear measurements
Figure 2 – Wind shear measurement heights appropriate to measurement of rotor equivalent wind speed
7.3 Wind direction
7.4 Air density
Figure 3 – Wind shear measurement heights when no wind speed measurements above hub height are available (for wind shear exponent determination only)
7.5 Rotational speed and pitch angle
7.6 Blade condition
7.7 Wind turbine control system
7.8 Data acquisition system
8 Measurement procedure [Go to Page]
8.1 General
8.2 Wind turbine operation
8.3 Data collection
8.4 Data rejection
8.5 Database
9 Derived results [Go to Page]
9.1 Data normalization [Go to Page]
9.1.1 General
9.1.2 Correction for meteorological mast flow distortion of side-mounted anemometer
9.1.3 Wind shear correction (when REWS measurements available)
Figure 4 – Process of application of the various normalizations
Table 3 – Example of REWS calculation [Go to Page]
9.1.4 Wind veer correction
9.1.5 Air density normalization
9.1.6 Turbulence normalization
9.2 Determination of the measured power curve
9.3 Annual energy production (AEP)
9.4 Power coefficient
10 Reporting format [Go to Page]
Figure 5 – Presentation of example database: power performance test scatter plot sampled at 1 Hz (mean values averaged over 10 min)
Figure 6 – Presentation of example measured power curve
Figure 7 – Presentation of example CP curve
Table 4 – Example of presentation of a measured power curve
Table 5 – Example of presentation of estimated annual energy production
Annexes [Go to Page]
Annex A (normative) Assessment of obstacles
Annex B (normative) Assessment of terrain at the test site
Annex C (normative) Site calibration procedure
Annex D (normative) Evaluation of uncertainty in measurement
Table D.1 – List of uncertainty components
Annex E (informative) Theoretical basis for determining the uncertainty of measurement using the method of bins [Go to Page]
E.1 General
E.2 Combining uncertainties [Go to Page]
E.2.1 General
E.2.2 Expanded uncertainty
E.2.3 Basis for the uncertainty assessment
Table E.1 – Expanded uncertainties
Table E.2 – List of category A and B uncertainties [Go to Page]
E.3 Category A uncertainties [Go to Page]
E.3.1 General
E.3.2 Category A uncertainty in electric power
E.3.3 Category A uncertainties in the site calibration
E.4 Category B uncertainties: Introduction and data acquisition system [Go to Page]
E.4.1 Category B uncertainties: Introduction
E.4.2 Category B uncertainties: Data acquisition system
E.5 Category B uncertainties: Power output [Go to Page]
E.5.1 General
E.5.2 Category B uncertainties: Power output – Current transformers
E.5.3 Category B uncertainties: Power output – Voltage transformers
E.5.4 Category B uncertainties: Power output – Power transducer or other power measurement device
E.5.5 Category B uncertainties: Power output – Data acquisition
E.6 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Introduction and sensors [Go to Page]
E.6.1 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Introduction
E.6.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Hardware
E.6.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Meteorological mast mounted sensors
E.7 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD [Go to Page]
E.7.1 General
E.7.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD – Calibration
E.7.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD – In-situ check
E.7.4 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD – Classification
E.7.5 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD – Mounting
E.7.6 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD – Flow variation
E.7.7 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD – Monitoring test
E.8 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – REWS [Go to Page]
E.8.1 General
E.8.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – REWS – Wind speed measurement over whole rotor
E.8.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – REWS – Wind veer
E.9 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain [Go to Page]
E.9.1 General
E.9.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Pre-calibration
E.9.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Post-calibration
E.9.4 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Classification
E.9.5 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Mounting
E.9.6 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Data acquisition
E.9.7 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Lightning finial
E.9.8 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Change in correction between adjacent bins
E.9.9 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Removal of WD sensor
E.9.10 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Seasonal variation
E.10 Category B uncertainties: Air density [Go to Page]
E.10.1 General
E.10.2 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Temperature – Introduction
E.10.3 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Temperature – Calibration
E.10.4 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Temperature – Radiation shielding
E.10.5 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Temperature – Mounting
E.10.6 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Temperature – Data acquisition
E.10.7 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Pressure – Introduction
E.10.8 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Pressure – Calibration
E.10.9 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Pressure – Mounting
E.10.10 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Pressure – Data acquisition
E.10.11 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Relative humidity – Introduction
E.10.12 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Relative humidity – Calibration
E.10.13 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Relative humidity – Mounting
E.10.14 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Relative humidity – Data acquisition
E.10.15 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Correction
E.11 Category B uncertainties: Method [Go to Page]
E.11.1 General
E.11.2 Category B uncertainties: Method – Wind conditions
Table E.3 – Example of standard uncertainties due to absence of a wind shear measurement
Table E.4 – Example of standard uncertainties due to absence of a wind veer measurement [Go to Page]
[Go to Page]
E.11.3 Category B uncertainties: Method – Seasonal effects
Table E.5 – Uncertainty contributions due to lack of upflow knowledge
Table E.6 – Uncertainty contributions due to lack of turbulence knowledge [Go to Page]
[Go to Page]
E.11.4 Category B uncertainties: Method – Turbulence normalization (or the lack thereof)
E.11.5 Category B uncertainties: Method – Cold climate
E.12 Category B uncertainties: Wind direction [Go to Page]
E.12.1 General
E.12.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind direction – Vane or sonic
E.12.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind direction – RSD
E.13 Combining uncertainties [Go to Page]
E.13.1 General
E.13.2 Combining Category B uncertainties in electric power (uP,i)
E.13.3 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement (uV,i)
E.13.4 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from cup or sonic (uVS,i)
E.13.5 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from RSD (uVR,i)
E.13.6 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from REWS uVREWS,i
E.13.7 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement for REWS for either a meteorological mast significantly above hub height or an RSD with a lower-than-hub-height meteorological mast
Table E.7 – Suggested assumptions for correlations of measurement uncertainties between different measurement heights [Go to Page]
[Go to Page]
E.13.8 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement for REWS for a hub height meteorological mast plus RSD for shear using an absolute wind speed
E.13.9 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement for REWS for hub height meteorological mast RSD for shear using a relative wind speed
E.13.10 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from REWS due to wind veer across the whole rotor uVREWS,veer,i
Table E.8 – Suggested correlation assumptions for relative wind direction measurement uncertainties at different measurement heights [Go to Page]
[Go to Page]
E.13.11 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from flow distortion due to site calibration uVT,i
E.13.12 Combining uncertainties for the temperature measurement uT,i
E.13.13 Combining uncertainties for the pressure measurement uB,i
E.13.14 Combining uncertainties for the humidity measurement uRH,i
E.13.15 Combining uncertainties for the method related components uM,i
E.13.16 Combining uncertainties for the wind direction measurement with wind vane or sonic anemometer uWV,i
E.13.17 Combining uncertainties for the wind direction measurement with RSD uWR,i
E.13.18 Combined category B uncertainties
E.13.19 Combined standard uncertainty – Power curve
E.13.20 Combined standard uncertainty – Energy production
E.14 Relevance of uncertainty components under specified conditions
E.15 Reference tables
Table E.9 – Uncertainties from air density normalization
Table E.10 – Sensitivity factors
Table E.11 – Category B uncertainties
Annex F (normative) Wind tunnel calibration procedure for anemometers
Annex G (normative) Mounting of instruments on the meteorological mast
Annex H (normative) Power performance testing of small wind turbines [Go to Page]
H.1 General
H.2 Wind turbine system definition and installation
H.3 Meteorological mast location
H.4 Test equipment
Figure H.1 – Definition of hub height and meteorological mast locationfor vertical axis wind turbines [Go to Page]
H.5 Measurement procedure
Table H.1 – Battery bank voltage settings [Go to Page]
H.6 Derived results
H.7 Reporting
H.8 Assessment of influence of wind turbines and obstacles at the test site
H.9 Assessment of terrain at test site
H.10 Site calibration procedure (refer to IEC 61400-12-3)
Annex I (normative) Classification of cup and sonic anemometry
Annex J (normative) Assessment of cup and sonic anemometry
Annex K (normative) In-situ comparison of anemometers
Annex L (normative) The application of remote sensing technology [Go to Page]
L.1 General
L.2 Classification requirements specific to power performance tests
L.3 Verification requirements specific to power performance tests
L.4 Uncertainty evaluation specific to power performance tests
L.5 Additional checks specific to power performance tests [Go to Page]
L.5.1 Monitoring the performance of the remote sensing device at the application site
L.5.2 Identification of malfunctioning of the remote sensing device
L.5.3 Consistency check of the assessment of the remote sensing device systematic uncertainties
L.5.4 In-situ test of the remote sensing device
L.6 Other requirements specific to power performance testing
Figure L.1 – Example of permitted range of locations for measurement volume
Annex M (informative) Normalization of power curve data according to the turbulence intensity [Go to Page]
M.1 General
M.2 Turbulence normalization procedure
Figure M.1 – Process for obtaining a power curvefor a specific turbulence intensity (Iref) [Go to Page]
M.3 Determination of the zero turbulence power curve
Figure M.2 – Process for obtaining the initial zero turbulence power curve parameters from the measured data
Figure M.3 – First approach for initial zero turbulence power curve
Figure M.4 – Process for obtaining the theoretical zero-turbulence power curve from the measured data
Figure M.5 – Adjusted initial zero turbulence power curve (green) compared to first approach (red)
Figure M.6 – Process for obtaining the final zero-turbulence power curve from the measured data
Figure M.7 – Adjusted initial zero turbulence power curve (green) compared to final zero turbulence power curve (black) [Go to Page]
M.4 Order of wind shear correction (normalization) and turbulence normalization
M.5 Uncertainty of turbulence normalization or of power curves due to turbulence effects
Annex N (informative) Wind tunnel calibration procedure for wind direction sensors
Annex O (informative) Power performance testing in cold climate [Go to Page]
O.1 Overview
O.2 Recommendations [Go to Page]
O.2.1 General
O.2.2 Sonic anemometers
O.2.3 Cup anemometers
O.3 Uncertainties
O.4 Reporting
Annex P (informative) Wind shear normalization procedure
Annex Q (informative) Definition of the rotor equivalent wind speed under consideration of wind veer [Go to Page]
Q.1 Overview
Q.2 Definition of rotor equivalent wind speed under consideration of wind veer
Q.3 Measurement of wind veer
Q.4 Combined wind shear and wind veer normalization
Figure Q.1 – Wind profiles measured with lidar over flat terrain
Annex R (informative) Uncertainty considerations for tests on multiple turbines
Table R.1 – List of correlated uncertainty components
Annex S (informative) Mast flow distortion correction for lattice masts
Bibliography [Go to Page]

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