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eLibrary >
BS ISO/IEC 1989:2023 Information technology. Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces. Programming language COBOL >
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BS ISO/IEC 1989:2023 Information technology. Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces. Programming language COBOL, 2023
- undefined
- Contents
- Tables
- Figures
- Foreword
- Introduction
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- 4 Conformance to this Working Draft International Standard [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General
- 4.2 A conforming implementation [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 General
- 4.2.2 Acceptance of standard language elements
- 4.2.3 Interaction with non-COBOL runtime modules
- 4.2.4 Interaction between COBOL implementations
- 4.2.5 Implementor-defined language elements
- 4.2.6 Processor-dependent language elements
- 4.2.7 Optional language elements
- 4.2.8 Reserved words
- 4.2.9 Standard extensions
- 4.2.10 Nonstandard extensions
- 4.2.11 Substitute or additional language elements
- 4.2.12 Archaic language elements
- 4.2.13 Obsolete language elements
- 4.2.14 Externally-provided functionality
- 4.2.15 Limits
- 4.2.16 User documentation
- 4.2.17 Character substitution
- 4.3 A conforming compilation group
- 4.4 A conforming run unit
- 4.5 Relationship of a conforming compilation group to a conforming implementation
- 4.6 Relationship of a conforming run unit to a conforming implementation
- 5 Description techniques [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 General formats [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 General
- 5.2.2 Keywords
- 5.2.3 Optional words
- 5.2.4 Operands
- 5.2.5 Level numbers
- 5.2.6 Options [Go to Page]
- 5.2.6.1 General
- 5.2.6.2 Brackets
- 5.2.6.3 Braces
- 5.2.6.4 Choice indicators
- 5.2.7 Ellipses
- 5.2.8 Punctuation
- 5.2.9 Special characters
- 5.2.10 Meta-terms
- 5.3 Rules [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 General
- 5.3.2 Syntax rules
- 5.3.3 General rules
- 5.3.4 Argument rules
- 5.3.5 Returned value rules
- 5.4 Arithmetic expressions [Go to Page]
- 5.4.1 General
- 5.4.2 Textually subscripted operands
- 5.4.3 Ellipses
- 5.5 Integer operands
- 5.6 Informal description
- 5.7 Hyphens in text
- 6 Reference format [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- 6.2 Indicators [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 General
- 6.2.2 Fixed indicators
- 6.2.3 Floating indicators [Go to Page]
- 6.2.3.1 General
- 6.2.3.2 Syntax rules
- 6.3 Fixed-form reference format [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 General
- 6.3.2 Sequence number area
- 6.3.3 Indicator area
- 6.3.4 Program-text area
- 6.3.5 Continuation of lines
- 6.3.6 Blank lines
- 6.3.7 Comments [Go to Page]
- 6.3.7.1 General
- 6.3.7.2 Comment lines
- 6.3.7.3 Inline comments
- 6.4 Free-form reference format [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 General
- 6.4.2 Continuation of lines
- 6.4.3 Blank lines
- 6.4.4 Comments [Go to Page]
- 6.4.4.1 General
- 6.4.4.2 Comment lines
- 6.4.4.3 Inline comments
- 6.5 Logical conversion
- 7 Compiler directing facility [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Text manipulation [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 General
- 7.2.2 Text manipulation elements [Go to Page]
- 7.2.2.1 General
- 7.2.2.2 Compiler directing statements
- 7.2.2.3 Source text and library text
- 7.2.2.4 Pseudo-text
- 7.2.2.5 Text-words
- 7.2.3 COPY statement [Go to Page]
- 7.2.3.1 General
- 7.2.3.2 General format
- 7.2.3.3 Syntax rules
- 7.2.3.4 General rules
- 7.2.4 REPLACE statement [Go to Page]
- 7.2.4.1 General
- 7.2.4.2 General format
- 7.2.4.3 Syntax rules
- 7.2.4.4 General rules
- 7.3 Compiler directives [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 General
- 7.3.2 General format
- 7.3.3 Syntax rules
- 7.3.4 General rules
- 7.3.5 Conditional compilation
- 7.3.6 Compile-time arithmetic expressions [Go to Page]
- 7.3.6.1 General
- 7.3.6.2 Syntax rules
- 7.3.6.3 General rules
- 7.3.7 Compile-time boolean expressions [Go to Page]
- 7.3.7.1 General
- 7.3.7.2 Syntax rule
- 7.3.7.3 General rule
- 7.3.8 Constant conditional expression [Go to Page]
- 7.3.8.1 General
- 7.3.8.2 Syntax rules
- 7.3.8.3 General rules
- 7.3.8.4 Defined condition [Go to Page]
- 7.3.8.4.1 General
- 7.3.8.4.2 General format
- 7.3.8.4.3 Syntax rule
- 7.3.8.4.4 General rule
- 7.3.9 CALL-CONVENTION directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.9.1 General
- 7.3.9.2 General format
- 7.3.9.3 General rules
- 7.3.10 COBOL-WORDS directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.10.1 General
- 7.3.10.2 General format
- 7.3.10.3 Syntax rules
- 7.3.10.4 General rules
- 7.3.11 DEFINE directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.11.1 General
- 7.3.11.2 General format
- 7.3.11.3 Syntax rules
- 7.3.11.4 General rules
- 7.3.12 DISPLAY directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.12.1 General
- 7.3.12.2 General format
- 7.3.12.3 Syntax rules
- 7.3.12.4 General rules
- 7.3.13 EVALUATE directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.13.1 General
- 7.3.13.2 General format
- 7.3.13.3 Syntax rules
- 7.3.13.4 General rules
- 7.3.14 FLAG-02 directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.14.1 General
- 7.3.14.2 General format
- 7.3.14.3 Syntax rule
- 7.3.14.4 General rules
- 7.3.15 FLAG-14 directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.15.1 General
- 7.3.15.2 General format
- 7.3.15.3 Syntax rule
- 7.3.15.4 General rules
- 7.3.16 IF directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.16.1 General
- 7.3.16.2 General format
- 7.3.16.3 Syntax rules
- 7.3.16.4 General rules
- 7.3.17 LEAP-SECOND directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.17.1 General
- 7.3.17.2 General format
- 7.3.17.3 Syntax rule
- 7.3.17.4 General rules
- 7.3.18 LISTING directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.18.1 General
- 7.3.18.2 General format
- 7.3.18.3 General rules
- 7.3.19 PAGE directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.19.1 General
- 7.3.19.2 General format
- 7.3.19.3 Syntax rules
- 7.3.19.4 General rules
- 7.3.20 POP directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.20.1 General
- 7.3.20.2 General format
- 7.3.20.3 Syntax rules
- 7.3.20.4 General rules
- 7.3.21 PROPAGATE directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.21.1 General
- 7.3.21.2 General format
- 7.3.21.3 Syntax rule
- 7.3.21.4 General rules
- 7.3.22 PUSH directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.22.1 General
- 7.3.22.2 General format
- 7.3.22.3 Syntax rules
- 7.3.22.4 General rules
- 7.3.23 REF-MOD-ZERO-LENGTH directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.23.1 General
- 7.3.23.2 General format.
- 7.3.23.3 General rule
- 7.3.24 SOURCE FORMAT directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.24.1 General
- 7.3.24.2 General format
- 7.3.24.3 General rules
- 7.3.25 TURN directive [Go to Page]
- 7.3.25.1 General
- 7.3.25.2 General format
- 7.3.25.3 Syntax rules
- 7.3.25.4 General rules
- 8 Language fundamentals [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Character sets [Go to Page]
- 8.1.1 General
- 8.1.2 Computer's coded character set
- 8.1.3 COBOL character repertoire [Go to Page]
- 8.1.3.1 General
- 8.1.3.2 General rules
- 8.1.4 Alphabets
- 8.1.5 Collating sequences
- 8.2 Locales [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 General
- 8.2.2 Locale field names
- 8.3 Lexical elements [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 General
- 8.3.2 COBOL words [Go to Page]
- 8.3.2.1 General
- 8.3.2.2 User-defined words [Go to Page]
- 8.3.2.2.1 Alphabet-name
- 8.3.2.2.2 Class-name
- 8.3.2.2.3 Compilation-variable-name
- 8.3.2.2.4 Condition-name
- 8.3.2.2.5 Constant-name
- 8.3.2.2.6 Data-name
- 8.3.2.2.7 Directive-name
- 8.3.2.2.8 Dynamic-length-structure-name
- 8.3.2.2.9 File-name
- 8.3.2.2.10 Function-prototype-name
- 8.3.2.2.11 Index-name
- 8.3.2.2.12 Interface-name
- 8.3.2.2.13 Level-number
- 8.3.2.2.14 Locale-name
- 8.3.2.2.15 Method-name
- 8.3.2.2.16 Mnemonic-name
- 8.3.2.2.17 Object-class-name
- 8.3.2.2.18 Ordering-name
- 8.3.2.2.19 Paragraph-name
- 8.3.2.2.20 Parameter-name
- 8.3.2.2.21 Program-name
- 8.3.2.2.22 Program-prototype-name
- 8.3.2.2.23 Property-name
- 8.3.2.2.24 Record-key-name
- 8.3.2.2.25 Record-name
- 8.3.2.2.26 Report-name
- 8.3.2.2.27 Screen-name
- 8.3.2.2.28 Section-name
- 8.3.2.2.29 Symbolic-character
- 8.3.2.2.30 Type-name
- 8.3.2.2.31 User-function-name
- 8.3.2.3 System-names [Go to Page]
- 8.3.2.3.1 General
- 8.3.2.3.2 Call-convention-name
- 8.3.2.3.3 Code-name
- 8.3.2.3.4 Computer-name
- 8.3.2.3.5 Device-name
- 8.3.2.3.6 Entry-convention-name
- 8.3.2.3.7 External-locale-name
- 8.3.2.3.8 Feature-name
- 8.3.2.3.9 Library-name
- 8.3.2.3.10 Physical-structure-name
- 8.3.2.3.11 Switch-name
- 8.3.2.3.12 Text-name
- 8.3.2.4 Reserved words [Go to Page]
- 8.3.2.4.1 General
- 8.3.2.4.2 Required words
- 8.3.2.4.3 Optional words
- 8.3.2.5 Context-sensitive words
- 8.3.2.6 Intrinsic-function-names
- 8.3.2.7 Exception-names
- 8.3.3 Literals [Go to Page]
- 8.3.3.1 General
- 8.3.3.2 Alphanumeric literals [Go to Page]
- 8.3.3.2.1 General
- 8.3.3.2.2 General format
- 8.3.3.2.3 Syntax rules
- 8.3.3.2.4 General rules
- 8.3.3.3 Numeric literals [Go to Page]
- 8.3.3.3.1 General
- 8.3.3.3.2 Fixed-point numeric literals
- 8.3.3.3.3 Floating-point numeric literals
- 8.3.3.4 Boolean literals [Go to Page]
- 8.3.3.4.1 General
- 8.3.3.4.2 General format
- 8.3.3.4.3 Syntax rules
- 8.3.3.4.4 General rules
- 8.3.3.5 National literals [Go to Page]
- 8.3.3.5.1 General
- 8.3.3.5.2 General format
- 8.3.3.5.3 Syntax rules
- 8.3.3.5.4 General rules
- 8.3.3.6 Figurative constant values [Go to Page]
- 8.3.3.6.1 General
- 8.3.3.6.2 General format
- 8.3.3.6.3 Syntax rules
- 8.3.3.6.4 General rules
- 8.3.4 Picture character-strings
- 8.3.5 Separators
- 8.4 References [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 General
- 8.4.2 Uniqueness of reference [Go to Page]
- 8.4.2.1 General
- 8.4.2.2 Qualification [Go to Page]
- 8.4.2.2.1 General
- 8.4.2.2.2 General format
- 8.4.2.2.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.2.3 Subscripts [Go to Page]
- 8.4.2.3.1 General
- 8.4.2.3.2 General format
- 8.4.2.3.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.2.3.4 General rules
- 8.4.3 Identifiers [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.1 Identifier [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.1.1 General
- 8.4.3.1.2 General format
- 8.4.3.1.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.1.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.2 Function-identifier [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.2.1 General
- 8.4.3.2.2 General format
- 8.4.3.2.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.2.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.3 Reference-modification [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.3.1 General
- 8.4.3.3.2 General format
- 8.4.3.3.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.3.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.4 Inline method invocation [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.4.1 General
- 8.4.3.4.2 General format
- 8.4.3.4.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.4.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.5 Object-view [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.5.1 General
- 8.4.3.5.2 General format
- 8.4.3.5.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.5.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.6 EXCEPTION-OBJECT [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.6.1 General
- 8.4.3.6.2 General format
- 8.4.3.6.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.6.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.7 NULL object reference [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.7.1 General
- 8.4.3.7.2 General format
- 8.4.3.7.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.7.4 General rule
- 8.4.3.8 SELF and SUPER [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.8.1 General
- 8.4.3.8.2 General format
- 8.4.3.8.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.8.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.9 Object property [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.9.1 General
- 8.4.3.9.2 General format
- 8.4.3.9.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.9.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.10 NULL address pointer and message tag content [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.10.1 General
- 8.4.3.10.2 General format
- 8.4.3.10.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.10.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.11 Data-address-identifier [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.11.1 General
- 8.4.3.11.2 General format
- 8.4.3.11.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.11.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.12 Function-address-identifier [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.12.1 General
- 8.4.3.12.2 General format
- 8.4.3.12.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.12.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.13 Program-address-identifier [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.13.1 General
- 8.4.3.13.2 General format
- 8.4.3.13.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.13.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.14 LINAGE-COUNTER [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.14.1 General
- 8.4.3.14.2 General format
- 8.4.3.14.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.14.4 General rules
- 8.4.3.15 Report counters [Go to Page]
- 8.4.3.15.1 General
- 8.4.3.15.2 General format
- 8.4.3.15.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.3.15.4 General rules
- 8.4.4 Condition-name [Go to Page]
- 8.4.4.1 General
- 8.4.4.2 General format
- 8.4.4.3 Syntax rules
- 8.4.5 Explicit and implicit data item references
- 8.4.6 Scope of names [Go to Page]
- 8.4.6.1 General
- 8.4.6.2 Local and global names [Go to Page]
- 8.4.6.2.1 General
- 8.4.6.2.2 Scope of condition-names, constant-names, data-names, file-names, record-names, report-names, screen-names, and type-names
- 8.4.6.2.3 Scope of index-names
- 8.4.6.2.4 Scope of record-key-names
- 8.4.6.2.5 Scope of PAGE-COUNTER AND LINE-COUNTER
- 8.4.6.2.6 Scope of LINAGE-COUNTER
- 8.4.6.3 Scope of program-names
- 8.4.6.4 Scope of object-class-names and interface-names
- 8.4.6.5 Scope of method-names
- 8.4.6.6 Scope of function-prototype-names
- 8.4.6.7 Scope of user-function-names
- 8.4.6.8 Scope of program-prototype-names
- 8.4.6.9 Scope of compilation-variable-names
- 8.4.6.10 Scope of parameter-names
- 8.4.6.11 Scope of property-names
- 8.5 Data description and representation [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 Computer independent data description [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1.1 General
- 8.5.1.2 Files and records
- 8.5.1.3 Levels [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1.3.1 General
- 8.5.1.3.2 Level-numbers
- 8.5.1.3.3 Tables
- 8.5.1.4 Limitations of character handling
- 8.5.1.5 Algebraic signs
- 8.5.1.6 Alignment of data items in storage [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1.6.1 Alignment of alphanumeric groups and of data items of usage display
- 8.5.1.6.2 Alignment of data items of usage national
- 8.5.1.6.3 Alignment of data items of usage bit
- 8.5.1.6.4 Item alignment for increased object-code efficiency
- 8.5.1.6.5 Alignment of strongly-typed group items
- 8.5.1.7 Fixed-capacity tables
- 8.5.1.8 Occurs-depending tables
- 8.5.1.9 Dynamic-capacity tables [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1.9.1 General
- 8.5.1.9.2 Operations on a single element
- 8.5.1.9.3 Implicit changes in capacity
- 8.5.1.9.4 Explicit changes in capacity
- 8.5.1.9.5 Implicit initialization
- 8.5.1.9.6 Exceeding capacity
- 8.5.1.10 Dynamic-length elementary items [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1.10.1 General
- 8.5.1.10.2 Structure of a dynamic-length elementary item
- 8.5.1.10.3 Location of dynamic-length elementary items
- 8.5.1.10.4 Operations on dynamic-length elementary items
- 8.5.1.11 Variable-length data items [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1.11.1 General
- 8.5.1.11.2 Contiguity of data items
- 8.5.1.11.3 Availability and persistence of variable-length data items
- 8.5.1.12 Variable-length groups [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1.12.1 General
- 8.5.1.12.2 Positional correspondence
- 8.5.1.12.3 Matching
- 8.5.2 Class and category of data items and literals [Go to Page]
- 8.5.2.1 General
- 8.5.2.2 Alphabetic category
- 8.5.2.3 Alphanumeric category
- 8.5.2.4 Alphanumeric-edited category
- 8.5.2.5 Boolean category
- 8.5.2.6 Data-pointer category
- 8.5.2.7 Function-pointer category
- 8.5.2.8 Index category
- 8.5.2.9 Message-tag category
- 8.5.2.10 National category
- 8.5.2.11 National-edited category
- 8.5.2.12 Numeric category
- 8.5.2.13 Numeric-edited category
- 8.5.2.14 Object-reference category
- 8.5.2.15 Program-pointer category
- 8.5.3 Types [Go to Page]
- 8.5.3.1 General
- 8.5.3.2 Weakly-typed items
- 8.5.3.3 Strongly-typed group items
- 8.5.4 Zero-length items
- 8.6 Scope and life cycle of data [Go to Page]
- 8.6.1 General
- 8.6.2 Global names and local names
- 8.6.3 External and internal items
- 8.6.4 Automatic, initial, and static internal items
- 8.6.5 Based entries and based data items
- 8.6.6 Common, initial, and recursive attributes
- 8.6.7 Sharing data items
- 8.7 Operators [Go to Page]
- 8.7.1 Arithmetic operators
- 8.7.2 Boolean operators
- 8.7.3 Concatenation operator
- 8.7.4 Invocation operator
- 8.7.5 Relational operators [Go to Page]
- 8.7.5.1 General format
- 8.7.5.2 Syntax rules
- 8.7.6 Logical operators
- 8.8 Expressions [Go to Page]
- 8.8.1 Arithmetic expressions [Go to Page]
- 8.8.1.1 General
- 8.8.1.2 Native, standard-binary, and standard-decimal arithmetic
- 8.8.1.3 Native arithmetic
- 8.8.1.4 Standard-binary arithmetic [Go to Page]
- 8.8.1.4.1 General
- 8.8.1.4.2 Standard-binary intermediate data item
- 8.8.1.4.3 Basic arithmetic operations in standard-binary arithmetic
- 8.8.1.4.4 Exponentiation in standard-binary arithmetic
- 8.8.1.5 Standard-decimal arithmetic [Go to Page]
- 8.8.1.5.1 General
- 8.8.1.5.2 Standard-decimal intermediate data item
- 8.8.1.5.3 Basic arithmetic operations in standard-decimal arithmetic
- 8.8.1.5.4 Exponentiation in standard-decimal arithmetic
- 8.8.2 Boolean expressions
- 8.8.3 Concatenation expressions [Go to Page]
- 8.8.3.1 General format
- 8.8.3.2 Syntax rules
- 8.8.3.3 General rules
- 8.8.4 Conditional expressions [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4.1 General
- 8.8.4.2 Simple relation conditions [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4.2.1 General
- 8.8.4.2.2 General format
- 8.8.4.2.3 Syntax rules
- 8.8.4.2.4 Comparison of numeric operands
- 8.8.4.2.5 Comparison of a numeric integer operand with an operand of class alphanumeric or national
- 8.8.4.2.6 Comparison of alphanumeric and national operands
- 8.8.4.2.7 Comparison of alphanumeric operands
- 8.8.4.2.8 Comparison of boolean operands
- 8.8.4.2.9 Comparison of national operands
- 8.8.4.2.10 Standard comparison
- 8.8.4.2.11 Locale-based comparison
- 8.8.4.2.12 Comparison of strongly-typed group items
- 8.8.4.2.13 Comparisons involving index-names or index data items
- 8.8.4.2.14 Comparisons of operands of class message-tag
- 8.8.4.2.15 Comparisons of operands of class object
- 8.8.4.2.16 Comparison of pointer operands
- 8.8.4.2.17 Comparison of a variable-length group with a compatible group
- 8.8.4.3 Simple boolean condition [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4.3.1 General
- 8.8.4.3.2 General format
- 8.8.4.3.3 Syntax rule
- 8.8.4.3.4 General rules
- 8.8.4.4 Simple class condition [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4.4.1 General
- 8.8.4.4.2 General format
- 8.8.4.4.3 Syntax rules
- 8.8.4.4.4 General rules
- 8.8.4.5 Simple condition-name condition (conditional variable) [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4.5.1 General
- 8.8.4.5.2 General format
- 8.8.4.5.3 General rules
- 8.8.4.6 Simple switch-status condition [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4.6.1 General
- 8.8.4.6.2 General format
- 8.8.4.6.3 General rule
- 8.8.4.7 Simple sign condition [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4.7.1 General
- 8.8.4.7.2 General format
- 8.8.4.7.3 Syntax rules
- 8.8.4.7.4 General rules
- 8.8.4.8 Simple omitted argument condition [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4.8.1 General
- 8.8.4.8.2 General format
- 8.8.4.8.3 Syntax rule
- 8.8.4.8.4 General rules
- 8.8.4.9 Complex conditions
- 8.8.4.10 Complex negated conditions [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4.10.1 General
- 8.8.4.10.2 General format
- 8.8.4.11 Complex Combined conditions [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4.11.1 General
- 8.8.4.11.2 General format
- 8.8.4.11.3 Precedence of logical operators and the use of parentheses
- 8.8.4.12 Abbreviated combined relation conditions [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4.12.1 General
- 8.8.4.12.2 General format
- 8.8.4.12.3 Syntax rules
- 8.8.4.12.4 General rule
- 8.8.4.13 Order of evaluation of conditions
- 8.9 Reserved words
- 8.10 Context-sensitive words
- 8.11 Intrinsic function names
- 8.12 Compiler-directive words
- 8.13 External repository
- 9 I-O, objects, and user-defined functions [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Files [Go to Page]
- 9.1.1 Physical and logical files
- 9.1.2 Record area
- 9.1.3 File connector
- 9.1.4 Open mode
- 9.1.5 Sharing file connectors
- 9.1.6 Fixed file attributes
- 9.1.7 Organization [Go to Page]
- 9.1.7.1 General
- 9.1.7.2 Sequential
- 9.1.7.3 Relative
- 9.1.7.4 Indexed
- 9.1.8 Access modes [Go to Page]
- 9.1.8.1 General
- 9.1.8.2 Sequential access mode
- 9.1.8.3 Random access mode
- 9.1.8.4 Dynamic access mode
- 9.1.9 Reel and unit
- 9.1.10 Current volume pointer
- 9.1.11 File position indicator
- 9.1.12 Input-output exception processing
- 9.1.13 I-O status [Go to Page]
- 9.1.13.1 General
- 9.1.13.2 Successful completion
- 9.1.13.3 Implementor-defined successful completion
- 9.1.13.4 At end condition with unsuccessful completion
- 9.1.13.5 Invalid key condition with unsuccessful completion
- 9.1.13.6 Permanent error condition with unsuccessful completion
- 9.1.13.7 Logic error condition with unsuccessful completion
- 9.1.13.8 Record operation conflict condition with unsuccessful completion
- 9.1.13.9 File sharing conflict condition with unsuccessful completion
- 9.1.13.10 Record with invalid content with unsuccessful completion
- 9.1.13.11 Implementor-defined condition with unsuccessful completion
- 9.1.14 Invalid key condition
- 9.1.15 Sharing mode
- 9.1.16 Record locking
- 9.1.17 Logical unit of work
- 9.1.18 Commit and Rollback [Go to Page]
- 9.1.18.1 General
- 9.1.18.2 Files and data items to be included
- 9.1.18.3 Committing changes to files
- 9.1.18.4 Rolling back changes to files and data items
- 9.1.18.5 Run unit termination
- 9.1.18.6 Object orientation
- 9.1.18.7 Exception conditions
- 9.1.19 Sort file
- 9.1.20 Merge file
- 9.1.21 Dynamic file assignment
- 9.1.22 Report file
- 9.2 Screens [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 Terminal screen
- 9.2.2 Function keys
- 9.2.3 CRT status
- 9.2.4 Cursor
- 9.2.5 Cursor locator
- 9.2.6 Current screen item
- 9.2.7 Color number
- 9.3 Objects [Go to Page]
- 9.3.1 Objects and classes
- 9.3.2 Object references
- 9.3.3 Predefined object references
- 9.3.4 Methods
- 9.3.5 Polymorphism [Go to Page]
- 9.3.5.1 General
- 9.3.5.2 Class polymorphism
- 9.3.5.3 Parametric polymorphism
- 9.3.6 Method invocation
- 9.3.7 Method prototypes
- 9.3.8 Conformance and interfaces [Go to Page]
- 9.3.8.1 General
- 9.3.8.2 Conformance for object orientation [Go to Page]
- 9.3.8.2.1 General
- 9.3.8.2.2 Interfaces
- 9.3.8.2.3 Conformance between interfaces
- 9.3.8.2.4 Conformance for parameterized classes and parameterized interfaces
- 9.3.9 Class inheritance
- 9.3.10 Interface inheritance
- 9.3.11 Interface implementation
- 9.3.12 Parameterized classes
- 9.3.13 Parameterized interfaces
- 9.3.14 Object life cycle [Go to Page]
- 9.3.14.1 General
- 9.3.14.2 Life cycle for factory objects
- 9.3.14.3 Life cycle for instance objects
- 9.4 User-defined functions
- 10 Structured compilation group [Go to Page]
- 10.1 General
- 10.2 Compilation units
- 10.3 Source units
- 10.4 Contained source units
- 10.5 Source elements and runtime elements
- 10.6 COBOL compilation group [Go to Page]
- 10.6.1 General format
- 10.6.2 Syntax rules
- 10.6.3 General rule
- 10.7 End markers [Go to Page]
- 10.7.1 General
- 10.7.2 General format
- 10.7.3 Syntax rules
- 10.7.4 General rule
- 11 Identification division [Go to Page]
- 11.1 General
- 11.2 Identification division structure
- 11.3 CLASS-ID paragraph [Go to Page]
- 11.3.1 General
- 11.3.2 General format
- 11.3.3 Syntax rules
- 11.3.4 General rules
- 11.4 FACTORY paragraph [Go to Page]
- 11.4.1 General
- 11.4.2 General format
- 11.4.3 Syntax rules
- 11.4.4 General rules
- 11.5 FUNCTION-ID paragraph [Go to Page]
- 11.5.1 General
- 11.5.2 General format
- 11.5.3 Syntax rule
- 11.5.4 General rules
- 11.6 INTERFACE-ID paragraph [Go to Page]
- 11.6.1 General
- 11.6.2 General format
- 11.6.3 Syntax rules
- 11.6.4 General rules
- 11.7 METHOD-ID paragraph [Go to Page]
- 11.7.1 General
- 11.7.2 General format
- 11.7.3 Syntax rules
- 11.7.4 General rules
- 11.8 OBJECT paragraph [Go to Page]
- 11.8.1 General
- 11.8.2 General format
- 11.8.3 Syntax rules
- 11.8.4 General rules
- 11.9 OPTIONS paragraph [Go to Page]
- 11.9.1 General
- 11.9.2 General format
- 11.9.3 Syntax rule
- 11.9.4 General rule
- 11.9.5 ARITHMETIC clause [Go to Page]
- 11.9.5.1 General format
- 11.9.5.2 General rules
- 11.9.6 DEFAULT ROUNDED clause [Go to Page]
- 11.9.6.1 General
- 11.9.6.2 General format
- 11.9.6.3 General rules
- 11.9.7 ENTRY-CONVENTION clause [Go to Page]
- 11.9.7.1 General
- 11.9.7.2 General format
- 11.9.7.3 Syntax rule
- 11.9.7.4 General rules
- 11.9.8 FLOAT-BINARY clause [Go to Page]
- 11.9.8.1 General
- 11.9.8.2 General format
- 11.9.8.3 Syntax rules
- 11.9.9 FLOAT-DECIMAL clause [Go to Page]
- 11.9.9.1 General
- 11.9.9.2 General format
- 11.9.9.3 Syntax rules
- 11.9.10 INITIALIZE clause [Go to Page]
- 11.9.10.1 General
- 11.9.10.2 General format
- 11.9.10.3 Syntax rule
- 11.9.10.4 General rules
- 11.9.11 INTERMEDIATE ROUNDING clause [Go to Page]
- 11.9.11.1 General format
- 11.9.11.2 General rules
- 11.10 PROGRAM-ID paragraph [Go to Page]
- 11.10.1 General
- 11.10.2 General format
- 11.10.3 Syntax rules
- 11.10.4 General rules
- 12 Environment division [Go to Page]
- 12.1 General
- 12.2 Environment division structure
- 12.3 Configuration section [Go to Page]
- 12.3.1 General
- 12.3.2 General format
- 12.3.3 Syntax rules
- 12.3.4 General rule
- 12.3.5 SOURCE-COMPUTER paragraph [Go to Page]
- 12.3.5.1 General
- 12.3.5.2 General format
- 12.3.5.3 Syntax rule
- 12.3.5.4 General rules
- 12.3.6 OBJECT-COMPUTER paragraph [Go to Page]
- 12.3.6.1 General
- 12.3.6.2 General format
- 12.3.6.3 Syntax rules
- 12.3.6.4 General rules
- 12.3.7 SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph [Go to Page]
- 12.3.7.1 General
- 12.3.7.2 General format
- 12.3.7.3 Syntax rules
- 12.3.7.4 General rules
- 12.3.8 REPOSITORY paragraph [Go to Page]
- 12.3.8.1 General
- 12.3.8.2 General format
- 12.3.8.3 Syntax rules
- 12.3.8.4 General rules
- 12.4 Input-output section [Go to Page]
- 12.4.1 General
- 12.4.2 General format
- 12.4.3 Syntax rule
- 12.4.4 FILE-CONTROL paragraph [Go to Page]
- 12.4.4.1 General
- 12.4.4.2 General format
- 12.4.5 File control entry [Go to Page]
- 12.4.5.1 General formats
- 12.4.5.2 Syntax rules
- 12.4.5.3 General rules
- 12.4.5.4 ACCESS MODE clause
- 12.4.5.5 General [Go to Page]
- 12.4.5.5.1 General format
- 12.4.5.5.2 Syntax rules
- 12.4.5.5.3 General rules
- 12.4.5.6 ALTERNATE RECORD KEY clause [Go to Page]
- 12.4.5.6.1 General
- 12.4.5.6.2 General format
- 12.4.5.6.3 Syntax rules
- 12.4.5.6.4 General rules
- 12.4.5.7 COLLATING SEQUENCE clause [Go to Page]
- 12.4.5.7.1 General
- 12.4.5.7.2 General formats
- 12.4.5.7.3 Syntax rules
- 12.4.5.7.4 General rules
- 12.4.5.8 FILE STATUS clause [Go to Page]
- 12.4.5.8.1 General
- 12.4.5.8.2 General format
- 12.4.5.8.3 Syntax rules
- 12.4.5.8.4 General rule
- 12.4.5.9 LOCK MODE clause [Go to Page]
- 12.4.5.9.1 General
- 12.4.5.9.2 General format
- 12.4.5.9.3 Syntax rules
- 12.4.5.9.4 General rules
- 12.4.5.10 ORGANIZATION clause [Go to Page]
- 12.4.5.10.1 General
- 12.4.5.10.2 General format
- 12.4.5.10.3 General rules
- 12.4.5.11 RECORD DELIMITER clause [Go to Page]
- 12.4.5.11.1 General
- 12.4.5.11.2 General format
- 12.4.5.11.3 Syntax rules
- 12.4.5.11.4 General rules
- 12.4.5.12 RECORD KEY clause [Go to Page]
- 12.4.5.12.1 General
- 12.4.5.12.2 General format
- 12.4.5.12.3 Syntax rules
- 12.4.5.12.4 General rules
- 12.4.5.13 RELATIVE KEY clause [Go to Page]
- 12.4.5.13.1 General
- 12.4.5.13.2 General format
- 12.4.5.13.3 Syntax rules
- 12.4.5.13.4 General rules
- 12.4.5.14 RESERVE clause [Go to Page]
- 12.4.5.14.1 General
- 12.4.5.14.2 General format
- 12.4.5.14.3 General rule
- 12.4.5.15 SHARING clause [Go to Page]
- 12.4.5.15.1 General
- 12.4.5.15.2 General format
- 12.4.5.15.3 General rule
- 12.4.6 I-O-CONTROL paragraph [Go to Page]
- 12.4.6.1 General
- 12.4.6.2 General format
- 12.4.6.3 APPLY COMMIT clause [Go to Page]
- 12.4.6.3.1 General
- 12.4.6.3.2 General format
- 12.4.6.3.3 Syntax rules
- 12.4.6.3.4 General rules
- 12.4.6.4 SAME clause [Go to Page]
- 12.4.6.4.1 General
- 12.4.6.4.2 General formats
- 12.4.6.4.3 Syntax rules
- 12.4.6.4.4 General rules
- 13 Data division [Go to Page]
- 13.1 General
- 13.2 Data division structure [Go to Page]
- 13.2.1 General format
- 13.3 Explicit and implicit attributes
- 13.4 File section [Go to Page]
- 13.4.1 General
- 13.4.2 General format
- 13.4.3 Syntax rule
- 13.4.4 General rule
- 13.4.5 File description entry [Go to Page]
- 13.4.5.1 General
- 13.4.5.2 General formats
- 13.4.5.3 Syntax rules
- 13.4.5.4 General rules
- 13.4.6 Sort-merge file description entry [Go to Page]
- 13.4.6.1 General
- 13.4.6.2 General format
- 13.4.6.3 Syntax rules
- 13.4.6.4 General rule
- 13.5 Working-storage section [Go to Page]
- 13.5.1 General
- 13.5.2 General format
- 13.5.3 Syntax rule
- 13.5.4 General rules
- 13.6 Local-storage section [Go to Page]
- 13.6.1 General
- 13.6.2 General format
- 13.6.3 Syntax rule
- 13.6.4 General rules
- 13.7 Linkage section [Go to Page]
- 13.7.1 General
- 13.7.2 General format
- 13.7.3 Syntax rules
- 13.7.4 General rules
- 13.8 Report section [Go to Page]
- 13.8.1 General
- 13.8.2 General format
- 13.8.3 Syntax rule
- 13.8.4 Report description entry
- 13.8.5 Report group description entry
- 13.8.6 Report subdivisions [Go to Page]
- 13.8.6.1 General
- 13.8.6.2 Physical subdivisions of a report [Go to Page]
- 13.8.6.2.1 Pages
- 13.8.6.2.2 Lines
- 13.8.6.2.3 Report Items
- 13.8.6.3 Logical Subdivisions of a Report
- 13.9 Screen section [Go to Page]
- 13.9.1 General
- 13.9.2 General format
- 13.9.3 Syntax rule
- 13.9.4 General rule
- 13.10 Constant entry [Go to Page]
- 13.10.1 General
- 13.10.2 General format
- 13.10.3 Syntax rules
- 13.10.4 General rules
- 13.11 Record description entry [Go to Page]
- 13.11.1 General
- 13.12 Type declaration entry
- 13.13 77-level data description entry
- 13.14 Report description entry [Go to Page]
- 13.14.1 General
- 13.14.2 General format
- 13.14.3 Syntax rules
- 13.14.4 General rule
- 13.15 Report group description entry [Go to Page]
- 13.15.1 General
- 13.15.2 General format
- 13.15.3 Syntax rules
- 13.15.4 General rules
- 13.16 Data description entry [Go to Page]
- 13.16.1 General
- 13.16.2 General formats
- 13.16.3 Syntax rules
- 13.16.4 General rules
- 13.17 Screen description entry [Go to Page]
- 13.17.1 General
- 13.17.2 General formats
- 13.17.3 Syntax rules
- 13.17.4 General rules
- 13.18 Data division clauses [Go to Page]
- 13.18.1 ALIGNED clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.1.1 General
- 13.18.1.2 General format
- 13.18.1.3 Syntax rule
- 13.18.1.4 General rules
- 13.18.2 ANY LENGTH clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.2.1 General
- 13.18.2.2 General format
- 13.18.2.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.2.4 General rule
- 13.18.3 AUTO clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.3.1 General
- 13.18.3.2 General format
- 13.18.3.3 General rules
- 13.18.4 BACKGROUND-COLOR clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.4.1 General
- 13.18.4.2 General format
- 13.18.4.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.4.4 General rules
- 13.18.5 BASED clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.5.1 General
- 13.18.5.2 General format
- 13.18.5.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.5.4 General rules
- 13.18.6 BELL clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.6.1 General
- 13.18.6.2 General format
- 13.18.6.3 General rules
- 13.18.7 BLANK clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.7.1 General
- 13.18.7.2 General format
- 13.18.7.3 General rules
- 13.18.8 BLANK WHEN ZERO clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.8.1 General
- 13.18.8.2 General format
- 13.18.8.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.8.4 General rules
- 13.18.9 BLINK clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.9.1 General
- 13.18.9.2 General format
- 13.18.9.3 General rules
- 13.18.10 BLOCK CONTAINS clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.10.1 General
- 13.18.10.2 General format
- 13.18.10.3 Syntax rule
- 13.18.10.4 General rules
- 13.18.11 CLASS clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.11.1 General
- 13.18.11.2 General format
- 13.18.11.3 Syntax rule
- 13.18.11.4 General rules
- 13.18.12 CODE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.12.1 General
- 13.18.12.2 General format
- 13.18.12.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.12.4 General rules
- 13.18.13 CODE-SET clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.13.1 General
- 13.18.13.2 General format
- 13.18.13.4 General rules
- 13.18.14 COLUMN clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.14.1 General
- 13.18.14.2 General formats
- 13.18.14.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.14.4 General rules
- 13.18.15 CONSTANT RECORD clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.15.1 General
- 13.18.15.2 General format
- 13.18.15.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.15.4 General rule
- 13.18.16 CONTROL clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.16.1 General
- 13.18.16.2 General format
- 13.18.16.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.16.4 General rules
- 13.18.17 DEFAULT clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.17.1 General
- 13.18.17.2 General format
- 13.18.17.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.17.4 General rules
- 13.18.18 DESTINATION clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.18.1 General
- 13.18.18.2 General format
- 13.18.18.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.18.4 General rules
- 13.18.19 DYNAMIC LENGTH clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.19.1 General
- 13.18.19.2 General format
- 13.18.19.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.19.4 General rules
- 13.18.20 Entry-name clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.20.1 General
- 13.18.20.2 General formats
- 13.18.20.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.20.4 General rule
- 13.18.21 ERASE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.21.1 General
- 13.18.21.2 General format
- 13.18.21.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.21.4 General rules
- 13.18.22 EXTERNAL clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.22.1 General
- 13.18.22.2 General format
- 13.18.22.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.22.4 General rules
- 13.18.23 FOREGROUND-COLOR clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.23.1 General
- 13.18.23.2 General format
- 13.18.23.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.23.4 General rules
- 13.18.24 FORMAT clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.24.1 General
- 13.18.24.2 General format
- 13.18.24.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.24.4 General rules
- 13.18.25 FROM clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.25.1 General
- 13.18.25.2 General format
- 13.18.25.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.25.4 General rule
- 13.18.26 FULL clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.26.1 General
- 13.18.26.2 General format
- 13.18.26.3 General rules
- 13.18.27 GLOBAL clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.27.1 General
- 13.18.27.2 General format
- 13.18.27.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.27.4 General rules
- 13.18.28 GROUP INDICATE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.28.1 General
- 13.18.28.2 General format
- 13.18.28.3 Syntax rule
- 13.18.28.4 General rule
- 13.18.29 GROUP-USAGE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.29.1 General
- 13.18.29.2 General format
- 13.18.29.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.29.4 General rules
- 13.18.30 HIGHLIGHT clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.30.1 General
- 13.18.30.2 General format
- 13.18.30.3 General rules
- 13.18.31 INVALID clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.31.1 General
- 13.18.31.2 General format
- 13.18.31.3 Syntax rule
- 13.18.31.4 General rules
- 13.18.32 JUSTIFIED clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.32.1 General
- 13.18.32.2 General format
- 13.18.32.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.32.4 General rules
- 13.18.33 Level-number [Go to Page]
- 13.18.33.1 General
- 13.18.33.2 General format
- 13.18.33.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.33.4 General rules
- 13.18.34 LINAGE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.34.1 General
- 13.18.34.2 General format
- 13.18.34.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.34.4 General rules
- 13.18.35 LINE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.35.1 General
- 13.18.35.2 General formats
- 13.18.35.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.35.4 General rules
- 13.18.36 LOWLIGHT clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.36.1 General
- 13.18.36.2 General format
- 13.18.36.3 General rules
- 13.18.37 NEXT GROUP clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.37.1 General
- 13.18.37.2 General format
- 13.18.37.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.37.4 General rules
- 13.18.38 OCCURS clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.38.1 General
- 13.18.38.2 General formats
- 13.18.38.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.38.4 General rules
- 13.18.39 PAGE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.39.1 General
- 13.18.39.2 General format
- 13.18.39.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.39.4 General rules
- 13.18.40 PICTURE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.40.1 General
- 13.18.40.2 General formats
- 13.18.40.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.40.4 General rules
- 13.18.40.5 Editing rules
- 13.18.40.6 Precedence rules
- 13.18.41 PRESENT WHEN clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.41.1 General
- 13.18.41.2 General formats
- 13.18.41.3 Syntax rule
- 13.18.41.4 General rules
- 13.18.42 PROPERTY clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.42.1 General
- 13.18.42.2 General format
- 13.18.42.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.42.4 General rules
- 13.18.43 RECORD clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.43.1 General
- 13.18.43.2 General formats
- 13.18.43.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.43.4 General rules
- 13.18.44 REDEFINES clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.44.1 General
- 13.18.44.2 General format
- 13.18.44.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.44.4 General rules
- 13.18.45 RENAMES clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.45.1 General
- 13.18.45.2 General format
- 13.18.45.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.45.4 General rules
- 13.18.46 REPORT clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.46.1 General
- 13.18.46.2 General format
- 13.18.46.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.46.4 General rules
- 13.18.47 REQUIRED clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.47.1 General
- 13.18.47.2 General format
- 13.18.48 REVERSE-VIDEO clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.48.1 General
- 13.18.48.2 General format
- 13.18.48.3 General rules
- 13.18.49 SAME AS clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.49.1 General
- 13.18.49.2 General format
- 13.18.49.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.49.4 General rules
- 13.18.50 SECURE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.50.1 General
- 13.18.50.2 General format
- 13.18.50.3 General rules
- 13.18.51 SELECT WHEN clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.51.1 General
- 13.18.51.2 General format
- 13.18.51.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.51.4 General rules
- 13.18.52 SIGN clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.52.1 General
- 13.18.52.2 General format
- 13.18.52.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.52.4 General rules
- 13.18.53 SOURCE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.53.1 General
- 13.18.53.2 General format
- 13.18.53.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.54 SUM clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.54.1 General
- 13.18.54.2 General format
- 13.18.54.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.54.4 General rules
- 13.18.55 SYNCHRONIZED clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.55.1 General
- 13.18.55.2 General format
- 13.18.55.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.55.4 General rules
- 13.18.56 TO clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.56.1 General
- 13.18.56.2 General format
- 13.18.56.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.56.4 General rules
- 13.18.57 TYPE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.57.1 General
- 13.18.57.2 General formats
- 13.18.57.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.57.4 General rules
- 13.18.58 TYPEDEF clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.58.1 General
- 13.18.58.2 General format
- 13.18.58.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.58.4 General rules
- 13.18.59 UNDERLINE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.59.1 General
- 13.18.59.2 General format
- 13.18.59.3 General rules
- 13.18.60 USAGE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.60.1 General
- 13.18.60.2 General format
- 13.18.60.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.60.4 General rules
- 13.18.61 USING clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.61.1 General
- 13.18.61.2 General format
- 13.18.61.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.61.4 General rules
- 13.18.62 VALIDATE-STATUS clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.62.1 General
- 13.18.62.2 General format
- 13.18.62.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.62.4 General rules
- 13.18.63 VALUE clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.63.1 General
- 13.18.63.2 General formats
- 13.18.63.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.63.4 General rules
- 13.18.64 VARYING clause [Go to Page]
- 13.18.64.1 General
- 13.18.64.2 General format
- 13.18.64.3 Syntax rules
- 13.18.64.4 General rules
- 14 Procedure division [Go to Page]
- 14.1 General
- 14.2 Procedure division structure [Go to Page]
- 14.2.1 General formats
- 14.2.2 Syntax rules
- 14.2.3 General rules
- 14.3 Declaratives
- 14.4 Procedures [Go to Page]
- 14.4.1 General
- 14.4.2 Sections
- 14.4.3 Paragraphs
- 14.5 Procedural statements and sentences [Go to Page]
- 14.5.1 General
- 14.5.2 Conditional phrase
- 14.5.3 Scope of statements [Go to Page]
- 14.5.3.1 General
- 14.5.3.2 Explicit scope termination
- 14.5.3.3 Implicit scope termination
- 14.6 Execution [Go to Page]
- 14.6.1 Run unit organization
- 14.6.2 State of a function, method, object, or program [Go to Page]
- 14.6.2.1 General
- 14.6.2.2 Active state
- 14.6.2.3 Initial and last-used states of data [Go to Page]
- 14.6.2.3.1 General
- 14.6.2.3.2 Initial state
- 14.6.2.3.3 Last-used state
- 14.6.2.4 Initial state of object data
- 14.6.3 Explicit and implicit transfers of control
- 14.6.4 Item identification
- 14.6.5 Results of runtime element execution
- 14.6.6 Locale identification
- 14.6.7 Sending and receiving operands
- 14.6.8 Alignment and transfer of data into data items [Go to Page]
- 14.6.8.1 General
- 14.6.8.2 Fixed-point numeric and fixed-point numeric-edited receiving data items
- 14.6.8.3 Floating-point numeric receiving data items
- 14.6.8.4 Floating-point numeric-edited receiving data items
- 14.6.8.5 Receiving data items of categories alphabetic, alphanumeric, alphanumeric- edited, national, and national edited
- 14.6.8.6 Receiving data items of category boolean
- 14.6.9 Operations on dynamic-capacity tables [Go to Page]
- 14.6.9.1 General
- 14.6.9.2 Moving a table
- 14.6.9.3 Comparing two tables
- 14.6.9.4 Space filling a dynamic table
- 14.6.10 Overlapping operands
- 14.6.11 Normal run unit termination
- 14.6.12 Abnormal run unit termination
- 14.6.13 Exception condition handling [Go to Page]
- 14.6.13.1 Exception conditions [Go to Page]
- 14.6.13.1.1 General
- 14.6.13.1.2 Normal completion of a declarative procedure
- 14.6.13.1.3 Fatal exception conditions
- 14.6.13.1.4 Nonfatal exception conditions
- 14.6.13.1.5 Exception objects
- 14.6.13.1.6 Exception-names and exception conditions
- 14.6.13.2 Incompatible data
- 14.6.13.3 Runtime entity activation is not successful
- 14.7 Common phrases and features for statements [Go to Page]
- 14.7.1 General
- 14.7.2 At end condition
- 14.7.3 Invalid key condition
- 14.7.4 ROUNDED phrase [Go to Page]
- 14.7.4.1 General
- 14.7.4.2 General format
- 14.7.4.3 General rules
- 14.7.5 SIZE ERROR phrase and size error condition
- 14.7.6 CORRESPONDING phrase
- 14.7.7 Arithmetic statements
- 14.7.8 THROUGH phrase
- 14.7.9 RETRY phrase [Go to Page]
- 14.7.9.1 General
- 14.7.9.2 General format
- 14.7.9.3 General rules
- 14.8 Conformance for parameters, returning items and external items [Go to Page]
- 14.8.1 General
- 14.8.2 Parameters [Go to Page]
- 14.8.2.1 General
- 14.8.2.2 Group items
- 14.8.2.3 Elementary items [Go to Page]
- 14.8.2.3.1 General
- 14.8.2.3.2 Elementary items passed by reference
- 14.8.2.3.3 Elementary items passed by content or by value
- 14.8.3 Returning items [Go to Page]
- 14.8.3.1 General
- 14.8.3.2 Group items
- 14.8.3.3 Elementary items
- 14.8.4 External items [Go to Page]
- 14.8.4.1 General
- 14.8.4.2 Correspondence of external data items used in external files
- 14.8.4.3 Correspondence of external data item formats
- 14.8.4.4 Correspondence of external file control entries
- 14.9 Statements [Go to Page]
- 14.9.1 ACCEPT statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.1.1 General
- 14.9.1.2 General formats
- 14.9.1.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.1.4 General rules
- 14.9.2 ADD statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.2.1 General
- 14.9.2.2 General formats
- 14.9.2.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.2.4 General rules
- 14.9.3 ALLOCATE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.3.1 General
- 14.9.3.2 General format
- 14.9.3.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.3.4 General rules
- 14.9.4 CALL statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.4.1 General
- 14.9.4.2 General formats
- 14.9.4.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.4.4 General rules
- 14.9.5 CANCEL statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.5.1 General
- 14.9.5.2 General format
- 14.9.5.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.5.4 General rules
- 14.9.6 CLOSE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.6.1 General
- 14.9.6.2 General format
- 14.9.6.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.6.4 General rules
- 14.9.7 COMMIT statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.7.1 General
- 14.9.7.2 General forms
- 14.9.7.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.7.4 General rules
- 14.9.8 COMPUTE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.8.1 General
- 14.9.8.2 General formats
- 14.9.8.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.8.4 General rules
- 14.9.9 CONTINUE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.9.1 General
- 14.9.9.2 General format
- 14.9.9.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.9.4 General rules
- 14.9.10 DELETE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.10.1 General
- 14.9.10.2 General formats
- 14.9.10.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.10.4 General rules
- 14.9.11 DISPLAY statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.11.1 General
- 14.9.11.2 General formats
- 14.9.11.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.11.4 General rules
- 14.9.12 DIVIDE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.12.1 General
- 14.9.12.2 General formats
- 14.9.12.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.12.4 General rules
- 14.9.13 EVALUATE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.13.1 General
- 14.9.13.2 General format
- 14.9.13.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.13.4 General rules
- 14.9.14 EXIT statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.14.1 General
- 14.9.14.2 General formats
- 14.9.14.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.14.4 General rules
- 14.9.15 FREE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.15.1 General
- 14.9.15.2 General format
- 14.9.15.3 Syntax rule
- 14.9.15.4 General rules
- 14.9.16 GENERATE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.16.1 General
- 14.9.16.2 General format
- 14.9.16.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.16.4 General rules
- 14.9.17 GO TO statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.17.1 General
- 14.9.17.2 General formats
- 14.9.17.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.17.4 General rules
- 14.9.18 GOBACK statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.18.1 General
- 14.9.18.2 General format
- 14.9.18.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.18.4 General rules
- 14.9.19 IF statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.19.1 General
- 14.9.19.2 General formats
- 14.9.19.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.19.4 General rules
- 14.9.20 INITIALIZE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.20.1 General
- 14.9.20.2 General format
- 14.9.20.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.20.4 General rules
- 14.9.21 INITIATE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.21.1 General
- 14.9.21.2 General format
- 14.9.21.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.21.4 General rules
- 14.9.22 INSPECT statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.22.1 General
- 14.9.22.2 General formats
- 14.9.22.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.22.4 General rules
- 14.9.23 INVOKE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.23.1 General
- 14.9.23.2 General format
- 14.9.23.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.23.4 General rules
- 14.9.24 MERGE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.24.1 General
- 14.9.24.2 General format
- 14.9.24.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.24.4 General rules
- 14.9.25 MOVE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.25.1 General
- 14.9.25.2 General formats
- 14.9.25.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.25.4 General rules
- 14.9.26 MULTIPLY statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.26.1 General
- 14.9.26.2 General formats
- 14.9.26.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.26.4 General rules
- 14.9.27 OPEN statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.27.1 General
- 14.9.27.2 General format
- 14.9.27.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.27.4 General rules
- 14.9.28 PERFORM statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.28.1 General
- 14.9.28.2 General formats
- 14.9.28.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.28.4 General rules
- 14.9.29 RAISE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.29.1 General
- 14.9.29.2 General format
- 14.9.29.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.29.4 General rules
- 14.9.30 READ statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.30.1 General
- 14.9.30.2 General formats
- 14.9.30.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.30.4 General rules
- 14.9.31 RECEIVE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.31.1 General
- 14.9.31.2 General format
- 14.9.31.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.31.4 General rules
- 14.9.32 RELEASE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.32.1 General
- 14.9.32.2 General format
- 14.9.32.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.32.4 General rules
- 14.9.33 RESUME statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.33.1 General
- 14.9.33.2 General format
- 14.9.33.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.33.4 General rules
- 14.9.34 RETURN statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.34.1 General
- 14.9.34.2 General format
- 14.9.34.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.34.4 General rules
- 14.9.35 REWRITE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.35.1 General
- 14.9.35.2 General format
- 14.9.35.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.35.4 General rules
- 14.9.36 ROLLBACK statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.36.1 General
- 14.9.36.2 General format
- 14.9.36.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.36.4 General rules
- 14.9.37 SEARCH statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.37.1 General
- 14.9.37.2 General formats
- 14.9.37.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.37.4 General rules
- 14.9.38 SEND statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.38.1 General
- 14.9.38.2 General formats
- 14.9.38.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.38.4 General rules
- 14.9.39 SET statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.39.1 General
- 14.9.39.2 General formats
- 14.9.39.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.39.4 General rules
- 14.9.40 SORT statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.40.1 General
- 14.9.40.2 General formats
- 14.9.40.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.40.4 General rules
- 14.9.41 START statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.41.1 General
- 14.9.41.2 General format
- 14.9.41.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.41.4 General rules
- 14.9.42 STOP statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.42.1 General
- 14.9.42.2 General format
- 14.9.42.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.42.4 General rules
- 14.9.43 STRING statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.43.1 General
- 14.9.43.2 General format
- 14.9.43.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.43.4 General rules
- 14.9.44 SUBTRACT statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.44.1 General
- 14.9.44.2 General formats
- 14.9.44.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.44.4 General rules
- 14.9.45 SUPPRESS statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.45.1 General
- 14.9.45.2 General format
- 14.9.45.3 Syntax rule
- 14.9.45.4 General rules
- 14.9.46 TERMINATE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.46.1 General
- 14.9.46.2 General format
- 14.9.46.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.46.4 General rules
- 14.9.47 UNLOCK statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.47.1 General
- 14.9.47.2 General format
- 14.9.47.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.47.4 General rules
- 14.9.48 UNSTRING statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.48.1 General
- 14.9.48.2 General format
- 14.9.48.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.48.4 General rules
- 14.9.49 USE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.49.1 General
- 14.9.49.2 General formats
- 14.9.49.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.49.4 General rules
- 14.9.50 VALIDATE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.50.1 General
- 14.9.50.2 General format
- 14.9.50.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.50.4 General rules
- 14.9.51 WRITE statement [Go to Page]
- 14.9.51.1 General
- 14.9.51.2 General formats
- 14.9.51.3 Syntax rules
- 14.9.51.4 General rules
- 15 Intrinsic functions [Go to Page]
- 15.1 General
- 15.2 Types of functions
- 15.3 Arguments [Go to Page]
- 15.3.1 Format arguments to international date and time functions [Go to Page]
- 15.3.1.1 General
- 15.3.1.2 Calendar date formats
- 15.3.1.3 Permissible values for data associated with calendar date formats
- 15.3.1.4 Ordinal date formats
- 15.3.1.5 Permissible values for data associated with ordinal date formats
- 15.3.1.6 Week date formats
- 15.3.1.7 Permissible values for data associated with week date formats
- 15.3.2 Time formats
- 15.3.3 Common time formats [Go to Page]
- 15.3.3.1 Common time formats with integer seconds representation
- 15.3.3.2 Common time formats with fractional seconds representation
- 15.3.3.3 Permissible values for data associated with common time formats
- 15.3.3.4 Local time formats
- 15.3.3.5 UTC time formats
- 15.3.3.6 Offset time formats [Go to Page]
- 15.3.3.6.1 Offset subformats
- 15.3.3.6.2 Permissible values for data associated with offset time formats
- 15.3.3.7 Combined date and time formats
- 15.4 Returned values [Go to Page]
- 15.4.1 Numeric and integer functions
- 15.5 Date and time conversion functions [Go to Page]
- 15.5.1 General
- 15.5.2 Integer date form
- 15.5.3 Standard date form
- 15.5.4 Julian date form
- 15.5.5 Standard numeric time form
- 15.6 Summary of functions
- 15.7 ABS function
- 15.8 ACOS function
- 15.9 ANNUITY function
- 15.10 ASIN function
- 15.11 ATAN function
- 15.12 BASECONVERT function [Go to Page]
- 15.12.2 General format
- 15.13 BOOLEAN-OF-INTEGER function
- 15.14 BYTE-LENGTH function
- 15.15 CHAR function
- 15.16 CHAR-NATIONAL function
- 15.17 COMBINED-DATETIME function
- 15.18 CONCAT function
- 15.19 CONVERT function
- 15.20 COS function
- 15.21 CURRENT-DATE function
- 15.22 DATE-OF-INTEGER function
- 15.23 DATE-TO-YYYYMMDD function
- 15.24 DAY-OF-INTEGER function
- 15.25 DAY-TO-YYYYDDD function
- 15.26 DISPLAY-OF function
- 15.27 E function
- 15.28 EXCEPTION-FILE function
- 15.29 EXCEPTION-FILE-N function
- 15.30 EXCEPTION-LOCATION function
- 15.31 EXCEPTION-LOCATION-N function
- 15.32 EXCEPTION-STATEMENT function
- 15.33 EXCEPTION-STATUS function
- 15.34 EXP function
- 15.35 EXP10 function
- 15.36 FACTORIAL function
- 15.37 FIND-STRING function
- 15.38 FORMATTED-CURRENT-DATE function
- 15.39 FORMATTED-DATE function
- 15.40 FORMATTED-DATETIME function
- 15.41 FORMATTED-TIME function
- 15.42 FRACTION-PART function
- 15.43 HIGHEST-ALGEBRAIC function
- 15.44 INTEGER function
- 15.45 INTEGER-OF-BOOLEAN function
- 15.46 INTEGER-OF-DATE function
- 15.47 INTEGER-OF-DAY function
- 15.48 INTEGER-OF-FORMATTED-DATE function
- 15.49 INTEGER-PART function
- 15.50 LENGTH function
- 15.51 LOCALE-COMPARE function
- 15.52 LOCALE-DATE function
- 15.53 LOCALE-TIME function
- 15.54 LOCALE-TIME-FROM-SECONDS function
- 15.55 LOG function
- 15.56 LOG10 function
- 15.57 LOWER-CASE function
- 15.58 LOWEST-ALGEBRAIC function
- 15.59 MAX function
- 15.60 MEAN function
- 15.61 MEDIAN function
- 15.62 MIDRANGE function
- 15.63 MIN function
- 15.64 MOD function
- 15.65 MODULE-NAME function
- 15.66 NATIONAL-OF function
- 15.67 NUMVAL function
- 15.68 NUMVAL-C function
- 15.69 NUMVAL-F function
- 15.70 ORD function
- 15.71 ORD-MAX function
- 15.72 ORD-MIN function
- 15.73 PI function
- 15.74 PRESENT-VALUE function
- 15.75 RANDOM function [Go to Page]
- 15.75.2 General format
- 15.76 RANGE function
- 15.77 REM function
- 15.78 REVERSE function
- 15.79 SECONDS-FROM-FORMATTED-TIME function
- 15.80 SECONDS-PAST-MIDNIGHT function
- 15.81 SIGN function
- 15.82 SIN function
- 15.83 SMALLEST-ALGEBRAIC function
- 15.84 SQRT function
- 15.85 STANDARD-COMPARE function
- 15.86 STANDARD-DEVIATION function
- 15.87 SUBSTITUTE function
- 15.88 SUM function
- 15.89 TAN function
- 15.90 TEST-DATE-YYYYMMDD function
- 15.91 TEST-DAY-YYYYDDD function
- 15.92 TEST-FORMATTED-DATETIME function
- 15.93 TEST-NUMVAL function
- 15.94 TEST-NUMVAL-C function
- 15.95 TEST-NUMVAL-F function
- 15.96 TRIM function
- 15.97 UPPER-CASE function
- 15.98 VARIANCE function
- 15.99 WHEN-COMPILED function
- 15.100 YEAR-TO-YYYY function
- 16 Standard classes [Go to Page]
- 16.1 General
- 16.2 BASE class [Go to Page]
- 16.2.1 New method
- 16.2.2 FactoryObject method
- Annex A
- Language element lists [Go to Page]
- A.1 Implementor-defined language element list
- A.2 Undefined language element list
- A.3 Processor-dependent language element list
- A.4 Optional language element list [Go to Page]
- A.4.1 General
- A.4.2 ACCEPT and DISPLAY screen handling
- A.4.3 Commit and Rollback
- A.4.4 Dynamic capacity tables
- A.4.5 DYNAMIC LENGTH elementary items
- A.4.6 Extended letters
- A.4.7 File sharing and record locking
- A.4.8 FORMAT and SELECT WHEN file handling
- A.4.9 Locale support and related functions
- A.4.10 Object orientation
- A.4.11 Report Writer
- A.4.12 RESUME statement
- A.4.13 REWRITE FILE and WRITE FILE
- A.4.14 VALIDATE
- Annex B
- Characters permitted in user-defined words [Go to Page]
- B.1 General
- B.2 Notation
- B.3 Repertoire of characters permitted in user-defined words
- Annex C
- Mapping of uppercase letters to lowercase letters in the COBOL character repertoire [Go to Page]
- C.1 Notations
- C.2 General case mappings
- Annex D
- Concepts [Go to Page]
- D.1 General
- D.2 Files [Go to Page]
- D.2.1 General
- D.2.2 File organization [Go to Page]
- D.2.2.1 Sequential organization
- D.2.2.2 Relative organization
- D.2.2.3 Indexed organization
- D.2.2.4 Logical records
- D.2.2.5 General [Go to Page]
- D.2.2.5.1 Fixed-length records
- D.2.2.5.2 Variable-length records
- D.2.2.5.3 Implementor-defined record types
- D.2.3 File processing [Go to Page]
- D.2.3.1 General
- D.2.3.2 Record operations [Go to Page]
- D.2.3.2.1 General
- D.2.3.2.2 Sequential access mode
- D.2.3.2.3 Random access mode
- D.2.3.2.4 Dynamic access mode
- D.2.3.2.5 Open mode
- D.2.3.2.6 Current volume pointer
- D.2.3.2.7 File position indicator
- D.2.3.2.8 Linage concepts
- D.2.3.3 File operations [Go to Page]
- D.2.3.3.1 General
- D.2.3.3.2 Sorting
- D.2.3.3.3 Merging
- D.2.3.4 Exception handling [Go to Page]
- D.2.3.4.1 General
- D.2.3.4.2 I-O status
- D.2.3.4.3 Exception checking PERFORM statements
- D.2.3.4.4 Exception declaratives
- D.2.3.4.5 Exception functions
- D.2.3.4.6 Optional phrases
- D.2.4 File sharing and record locking [Go to Page]
- D.2.4.1 General
- D.2.4.2 File sharing
- D.2.4.3 Record locking [Go to Page]
- D.2.4.3.1 Automatic locking
- D.2.4.3.2 Manual locking
- D.2.4.4 Retry
- D.2.5 Commit and rollback
- D.3 Tables and dynamic-length elementary items [Go to Page]
- D.3.1 General
- D.3.2 Table definition
- D.3.3 Values of tables
- D.3.4 References to table items
- D.3.5 Subscripting [Go to Page]
- D.3.5.1 General
- D.3.5.2 Subscripting using index-names
- D.3.5.3 Subscripting example
- D.3.5.4 SEARCH example
- D.3.6 Sorting tables [Go to Page]
- D.3.6.1 EXAMPLE 1
- D.3.6.2 EXAMPLE 2
- D.3.6.3 EXAMPLE 3
- D.3.6.4 EXAMPLE 4
- D.3.7 Dynamic-capacity tables
- D.3.8 Dynamic-length elementary items
- D.4 Shared memory area
- D.5 Sharing of storage among data items
- D.6 Compilation group and run unit organization and communication [Go to Page]
- D.6.1 Compilation group and run unit organization [Go to Page]
- D.6.1.1 Source level organization
- D.6.1.2 Runtime level organization
- D.6.1.3 EXAMPLE
- D.6.2 Recursive and initial programs
- D.6.3 Accessing data and files [Go to Page]
- D.6.3.1 General
- D.6.3.2 Names
- D.6.3.3 Items overview
- D.6.3.4 Item types [Go to Page]
- D.6.3.4.1 Working-storage records
- D.6.3.4.2 File connectors
- D.6.3.4.3 Record areas for files
- D.6.3.4.4 Screen records
- D.6.3.4.5 Other items
- D.6.3.5 Item attributes [Go to Page]
- D.6.3.5.1 General
- D.6.3.5.2 Working-storage records
- D.6.3.5.3 File connectors
- D.6.3.5.4 Other items
- D.6.3.6 Name resolution
- D.6.4 Program attributes [Go to Page]
- D.6.4.1 General
- D.6.4.2 Common programs
- D.6.4.3 Initial programs
- D.6.4.4 Recursive programs
- D.6.5 Inter-program communication [Go to Page]
- D.6.5.1 General
- D.6.5.2 Transfer of control
- D.6.5.3 Transfer of control to a program [Go to Page]
- D.6.5.3.1 Names of programs
- D.6.5.3.2 Scope of the CALL statement
- D.6.5.3.3 Scope of names of programs
- D.6.5.4 Transfer of control to a function [Go to Page]
- D.6.5.4.1 General
- D.6.5.4.2 Names of functions
- D.6.5.4.3 Scope of a function-identifier
- D.6.5.5 Transfer of control to a method
- D.6.5.6 Passing arguments [Go to Page]
- D.6.5.6.1 General
- D.6.5.6.2 Identifying arguments
- D.6.5.6.3 Argument passing mechanisms
- D.6.5.6.4 Passing addresses
- D.6.5.6.5 Returning items
- D.6.5.6.6 Prototypes
- D.6.5.6.7 Defaults when no prototype is used
- D.6.5.6.8 Defaults when a prototype is used
- D.6.5.7 Sharing data
- D.6.5.8 Sharing files
- D.6.6 Run unit communication with other run units
- D.7 Intrinsic function facility
- D.8 Types [Go to Page]
- D.8.1 General
- D.8.2 Weakly-typed items
- D.8.3 Strongly-typed group items
- D.9 Addresses and pointers [Go to Page]
- D.9.1 General
- D.9.2 Data-addresses and data-pointers [Go to Page]
- D.9.2.1 General
- D.9.2.2 Restricted data-pointers
- D.9.2.3 Examples
- D.9.3 Program-addresses, function-addresses, program-pointers and function-pointers [Go to Page]
- D.9.3.1 General
- D.9.3.2 Restricted program-pointers and function-pointers
- D.10 Boolean support and bit manipulation
- D.11 Character sets [Go to Page]
- D.11.1 General
- D.11.2 Character set representations
- D.11.3 Programming to use alphanumeric and national character data
- D.11.4 Source code portability
- D.12 COBOL-WORDS directive [Go to Page]
- D.12.1 General
- D.12.2 EQUATE
- D.12.3 UNDEFINE
- D.12.4 SUBSTITUTE
- D.12.5 RESERVE
- D.13 Collating sequences [Go to Page]
- D.13.1 General
- D.13.2 Methods of defining collating sequences
- D.13.3 Methods of selecting a collating sequence [Go to Page]
- D.13.3.1 Using the defaults
- D.13.3.2 Using a specific collating sequence
- D.13.3.3 Using a locale
- D.13.3.4 Selecting a collating sequence for indexed files
- D.13.4 Compile-time collating sequences
- D.13.5 Intrinsic functions for comparisons
- D.14 Culturally-specific, culturally-adaptable, and multilingual applications [Go to Page]
- D.14.1 General
- D.14.2 Culturally-specific applications [Go to Page]
- D.14.2.1 General
- D.14.2.2 Currency string and currency symbol
- D.14.2.3 Class test for characters in a particular alphabet.
- D.14.3 Culturally-adaptable applications [Go to Page]
- D.14.3.1 General
- D.14.3.2 Locale selection [Go to Page]
- D.14.3.2.1 General
- D.14.3.2.2 Switching locales in a COBOL runtime module
- D.14.3.2.3 Switching locales outside of COBOL
- D.14.3.3 Locale-based monetary and numeric formatting
- D.14.3.4 Locale-based collating sequences
- D.14.3.5 Locale-based case classification of letters
- D.14.3.6 Date and time formatting
- D.14.4 Multilingual applications
- D.15 External switches
- D.16 Common exception processing [Go to Page]
- D.16.1 General
- D.16.2 Exception processing methods
- D.16.3 Predefined, user-defined, or implementor-defined exception processing
- D.16.4 Raising and checking for exceptions
- D.16.5 Inline exception processing
- D.17 Rounding [Go to Page]
- D.17.1 General
- D.17.2 Intermediate rounding
- D.17.3 Final rounding (the ROUNDED clause)
- D.18 Forms of arithmetic [Go to Page]
- D.18.1 General
- D.18.2 Standard-decimal arithmetic [Go to Page]
- D.18.2.1 General
- D.18.2.2 Specification
- D.18.2.3 Examples
- D.18.3 Standard-binary arithmetic [Go to Page]
- D.18.3.1 General
- D.18.3.2 Specification
- D.18.3.3 Examples
- D.19 Object oriented concepts [Go to Page]
- D.19.1 General
- D.19.2 Classes
- D.19.3 Objects [Go to Page]
- D.19.3.1 General
- D.19.3.2 Object instantiations
- D.19.3.3 Object data definitions
- D.19.3.4 Object references
- D.19.3.5 Factory objects
- D.19.4 Methods [Go to Page]
- D.19.4.1 General
- D.19.4.2 Method invocation
- D.19.4.3 Method prototypes
- D.19.5 Other object oriented programming features [Go to Page]
- D.19.5.1 Inheritance
- D.19.5.2 Restricting inheritance and modification with the FINAL clause
- D.19.5.3 Conformance
- D.19.5.4 Polymorphism [Go to Page]
- D.19.5.4.1 General
- D.19.5.4.2 Class polymorphism
- D.19.5.4.3 Parametric polymorphism
- D.19.6 Object management [Go to Page]
- D.19.6.1 Objects
- D.19.7 Class library
- D.19.8 Parameterized classes
- D.19.9 Files in object orientation [Go to Page]
- D.19.9.1 General
- D.19.9.2 Files in instance objects
- D.19.9.3 Files in factory objects
- D.19.10 Exception objects
- D.19.11 Sample application [Go to Page]
- D.19.11.1 General
- D.19.11.2 Main program
- D.19.11.3 Account class
- D.20 Report writer [Go to Page]
- D.20.1 General
- D.20.2 Reports and report files
- D.20.3 RD entry [Go to Page]
- D.20.3.1 General
- D.20.3.2 PAGE
- D.20.3.3 CONTROL
- D.20.3.4 CODE
- D.20.3.5 EXAMPLE
- D.20.4 Basic report group description [Go to Page]
- D.20.4.1 TYPE
- D.20.4.2 LINE and NEXT GROUP
- D.20.4.3 COLUMN
- D.20.4.4 SOURCE, VALUE, and PICTURE
- D.20.4.5 EXAMPLE
- D.20.5 Modifying the report group layout [Go to Page]
- D.20.5.1 PRESENT WHEN
- D.20.5.2 GROUP INDICATE
- D.20.6 Repetition [Go to Page]
- D.20.6.1 OCCURS
- D.20.6.2 Multiple form of LINE, COLUMN, SOURCE, VALUE
- D.20.6.3 VARYING
- D.20.7 Totaling
- D.20.8 Procedure division statements
- D.20.9 Report counters
- D.21 Structured constant
- D.22 Validate facility [Go to Page]
- D.22.1 General
- D.22.2 Format validation
- D.22.3 Input distribution
- D.22.4 Content validation
- D.22.5 Relation validation
- D.22.6 Error indication
- D.22.7 Validation of more complex formats
- D.22.8 Examples of validation [Go to Page]
- D.22.8.1 General
- D.22.8.2 Example of validation of USAGE DISPLAY items
- D.22.8.3 Example of validation of non-display items
- D.23 Conditional expressions
- D.24 Examples of the use of the EDITING phrase
- D.25 Examples of the execution of the INSPECT statement
- D.26 Examples of the execution of the PERFORM statement with the VARYING phrase specified
- D.27 Example of free-form reference format
- D.28 Conditional compilation
- D.29 CALL-CONVENTION directive
- D.30 ENTRY-CONVENTION clause
- D.31 Date and time handling [Go to Page]
- D.31.1 General
- D.31.2 Temporal format ACCEPT statement [Go to Page]
- D.31.2.1 General
- D.31.2.2 ACCEPT FROM DATE
- D.31.2.3 ACCEPT FROM DATE YYYYMMDD
- D.31.2.4 ACCEPT FROM DAY
- D.31.2.5 ACCEPT FROM DAY YYYYDDD
- D.31.2.6 ACCEPT FROM DAY-OF-WEEK
- D.31.2.7 ACCEPT FROM TIME
- D.31.3 Basic date and time intrinsic functions [Go to Page]
- D.31.3.1 General
- D.31.3.2 CURRENT-DATE function
- D.31.3.3 WHEN-COMPILED function
- D.31.3.4 INTEGER-OF-DATE function
- D.31.3.5 INTEGER-OF-DAY function
- D.31.3.6 DATE-OF-INTEGER function
- D.31.3.7 DAY-OF-INTEGER function
- D.31.3.8 TEST-DATE-YYYYMMDD function
- D.31.3.9 TEST-DAY-YYYYDDD function
- D.31.4 Locale date and time intrinsic functions [Go to Page]
- D.31.4.1 General
- D.31.4.2 LOCALE-DATE function
- D.31.4.3 LOCALE-DAY function
- D.31.4.4 LOCALE-TIME function
- D.31.4.5 LOCALE-TIME-FROM-SECONDS function
- D.31.5 International date and time format handling [Go to Page]
- D.31.5.1 General
- D.31.5.2 Examples of time and date formats
- D.31.5.3 FORMATTED-CURRENT-DATE function
- D.31.5.4 SECONDS-PAST-MIDNIGHT function
- D.31.5.5 FORMATTED-DATE function
- D.31.5.6 FORMATTED-TIME function
- D.31.5.7 FORMATTED-DATETIME function
- D.31.5.8 INTEGER-OF-FORMATTED-DATE function
- D.31.5.9 SECONDS-FROM-FORMATTED-TIME function
- D.31.5.10 TEST-FORMATTED-DATETIME function
- D.31.5.11 COMBINED-DATETIME function
- D.32 Alternatives to HIGHEST-ALGEBRAIC, LOWEST-ALGEBRAIC and SMALLEST-ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
- Annex E
- Substantive changes list [Go to Page]
- E.1 General
- E.2 Substantive changes potentially affecting existing programs
- E.3 Substantive changes probably not affecting existing programs [Go to Page]
- E.3.1 General
- E.3.2 Possibly affecting because of the addition of new words or names
- E.3.3 Not affecting
- Annex F
- Archaic and obsolete language element lists [Go to Page]
- F.1 Archaic language elements
- F.2 Obsolete language elements
- Annex G
- Known errors [Go to Page]
- G.1 Rationale
- G.2 List of errors
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Index
- Blank Page [Go to Page]
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