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PD IEC TR 62001-1:2021 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems. Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters - Overview, 2021
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- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- 4 Outline of specifications of AC filters for HVDC systems [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General
- 4.2 Boundaries of responsibility
- 4.3 Scope of studies
- 4.4 Scope of supply
- 4.5 Technical data to be supplied by contractor
- 4.6 Alternative proposals by bidders
- 5 Permissible distortion limits [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Voltage distortion [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 General
- 5.2.2 Definitions of performance criteria
- 5.2.3 Discussion and recommendations
- 5.2.4 Determination of limits
- 5.2.5 Pre-existing harmonic levels
- 5.2.6 Relaxed limits for short term and infrequent conditions
- 5.2.7 Treatment of interharmonic frequencies
- 5.3 Distortion limits pertaining to the HV and EHV network equipment [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 HVAC transmission system equipment
- 5.3.2 Harmonic currents in synchronous machines
- 5.3.3 Nearby HVDC installations
- 5.4 Telephone interference [Go to Page]
- 5.4.1 General
- 5.4.2 Causes of telephone interference
- 5.4.3 Definitions of performance criteria
- 5.4.4 Discussion
- 5.4.5 Determination of limits
- 5.4.6 Pre-existing harmonic levels
- 5.4.7 Limits for temporary conditions
- 5.5 Special criteria
- 6 Harmonic generation [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- 6.2 Converter harmonic generation [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Idealized conditions
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Idealized current waveforms on the AC side of converter transformer [Go to Page]
- 6.2.2 Realistic conditions
- Figure 2 – Realistic current waveforms on the AC side of converter transformer including effect of non-idealities
- Figure 3 – Comparison of harmonic content of current waveform under idealized and realistic conditions
- 6.3 Calculation methodology [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 General
- 6.3.2 Harmonic currents for performance, rating and other calculations
- 6.3.3 Combining harmonics from different converter bridges
- 6.3.4 Consistent sets
- 6.3.5 Harmonic generation for different DC power ranges
- Figure 4 – Typical variation of characteristic harmonic magnitude with direct current
- 6.4 Sensitivity of harmonic generation to various factors [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 Direct current, control angle and commutation overlap
- 6.4.2 Effect of asymmetries on characteristic harmonics
- 6.4.3 Converter equipment parameter tolerances
- 6.4.4 Tap steps
- 6.4.5 Theoretically cancelled harmonics
- 6.4.6 Negative and zero sequence voltages
- 6.4.7 Converter transformer saturation
- 6.4.8 Harmonic interaction across the converter
- 6.4.9 Back-to-back systems
- 6.5 Externally generated harmonics
- 7 Filter arrangements [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Overview
- 7.2 Advantages and disadvantages of typical filters
- 7.3 Classification of filter types
- 7.4 Tuned filters [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 Single tuned filters
- Figure 5 – Single tuned filter and frequency response [Go to Page]
- 7.4.2 Double tuned filters
- Figure 6 – Double tuned filter and frequency response [Go to Page]
- 7.4.3 Triple tuned filters
- Figure 7 – Triple tuned filter and frequency response
- 7.5 Damped filters [Go to Page]
- 7.5.1 Single tuned damped filters
- Figure 8 – 2nd order damped filter and frequency response
- Figure 9 – 3rd order damped filter and frequency response
- Figure 10 – C-type filter and frequency response [Go to Page]
- 7.5.2 Double tuned damped filters
- Figure 11 – Double tuned damped filter and frequency response
- 7.6 Choice of filters
- 8 Filter performance calculation [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Calculation procedure [Go to Page]
- 8.1.1 General
- 8.1.2 Input data
- 8.1.3 Methodology
- 8.1.4 Calculation of converter harmonic currents
- Figure 12 – Circuit model for filter calculations [Go to Page]
- 8.1.5 Selection of filter types and calculation of their impedances
- 8.1.6 Calculation of performance
- 8.2 Detuning and tolerances [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 General
- 8.2.2 Detuning factors
- 8.2.3 Resistance variations
- 8.2.4 Modelling
- 8.3 Network impedance for performance calculations [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 General
- 8.3.2 Network modelling using impedance envelopes
- 8.3.3 Sector diagram
- 8.3.4 Circle diagram
- Figure 13 – AC system impedance general sector diagram, with minimum impedance
- Figure 14 – AC system impedance general sector diagram, with minimum resistance [Go to Page]
- 8.3.5 Discrete polygons
- Figure 15 – AC system impedance generalcircle diagram, with minimum resistance
- Figure 16 – Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 2 to 4
- Figure 17 – Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 5 to 8 [Go to Page]
- 8.3.6 Zero-sequence impedance modelling
- 8.3.7 Detailed modelling of AC network for performance calculation
- Figure 18 – Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 9 to 13
- Figure 19 – Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 14 to 49
- 8.4 Outages of filter banks and sub-banks
- 8.5 Considerations of probability
- Figure 20 – Illustration of basic voltage quality concepts with time/location statistics covering the whole system (adapted from IEC TR 61000-3-6:2008)
- 8.6 Flexibility regarding compliance
- 8.7 Ratings of the harmonic filter equipment
- Figure 21 – Example of range of operation where specificationson harmonic levels are not met for a filter scheme solution
- 9 Filter switching and reactive power management [Go to Page]
- 9.1 General
- 9.2 Reactive power interchange with AC network [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 General
- 9.2.2 Impact on reactive compensation and filter equipment
- 9.2.3 Evaluation of reactive power interchange
- 9.3 HVDC converter reactive power capability
- 9.4 Bank/sub-bank definitions and sizing [Go to Page]
- 9.4.1 General
- 9.4.2 Sizing
- Figure 22 – Branch, sub-bank and bank definition
- 9.5 Hysteresis in switching points
- 9.6 Converter Q-V control near switching points
- 9.7 Operation at increased converter control angles
- 9.8 Filter switching sequence and harmonic performance
- 9.9 Demarcation of responsibilities [Go to Page]
- 9.9.1 General
- 9.9.2 Customer
- Figure 23 – Typical switching sequence
- 9.9.3 Contractor
- 10 Customer specified parameters and requirements [Go to Page]
- 10.1 General
- 10.2 AC system parameters [Go to Page]
- 10.2.1 Voltage
- Figure 24 – Reactive power components
- 10.2.2 Voltage unbalance
- 10.2.3 Frequency
- 10.2.4 Short circuit level
- 10.2.5 Filter switching
- 10.2.6 Reactive power interchange
- 10.2.7 System harmonic impedance
- 10.2.8 Zero sequence data
- 10.2.9 System earthing
- 10.2.10 Insulation level
- 10.2.11 Creepage distances
- 10.2.12 Pre-existing voltage distortion
- 10.3 Harmonic distortion requirements [Go to Page]
- 10.3.1 General
- 10.3.2 Redundancy requirements
- 10.4 Environmental conditions [Go to Page]
- 10.4.1 Temperature
- 10.4.2 Pollution
- 10.4.3 Wind
- 10.4.4 Ice and snow loading (if applicable)
- 10.4.5 Solar radiation
- 10.4.6 Isokeraunic levels
- 10.4.7 Seismic requirements
- 10.4.8 Audible noise
- 10.5 Electrical environment
- 10.6 Requirements for filter arrangements and components [Go to Page]
- 10.6.1 Filter arrangements
- 10.6.2 Filter capacitors
- 10.6.3 Test requirements
- 10.7 Protection of filters
- 10.8 Loss evaluation
- 10.9 Field measurements and verifications
- 10.10 General requirements
- 11 Future developments [Go to Page]
- 11.1 General
- 11.2 Non-standard filter technology [Go to Page]
- 11.2.1 General
- 11.2.2 Automatically tuned reactors
- Figure 25 – Design principle of a self-tuned reactor using DCcontrol current in an orthogonal winding
- Figure 26 – Control principle for self-tuned filter
- 11.2.3 Single-phase redundancy
- 11.2.4 Stand-along active filters
- Figure 27 – One method of switching a redundant single phase filter
- 11.2.5 Compact design
- 11.3 Other LCC converter technology [Go to Page]
- 11.3.1 General
- 11.3.2 Series commutated converters
- Figure 28 – Various possible configurations of series compensated HVDC converters
- 11.3.3 Transformerless converters
- 11.3.4 Unit connection
- 11.4 Changing external environment [Go to Page]
- 11.4.1 Increased pre-existing levels of harmonic distortion
- 11.4.2 Developments in communication technology
- 11.4.3 Changes in structure of the power supply industry
- 11.4.4 Focus on power quality
- 11.4.5 Fewer large synchronous generators and more renewable and distributed generation
- Annex A (informative) Alternative type of procurement procedure
- Annex B (informative) Formulae for calculating the characteristic harmonics of a bridge converter
- Annex C (informative) Definition of telephone interference parameters [Go to Page]
- C.1 General
- C.2 Criteria according to European practice
- Annex D (informative) Equivalent frequency deviation
- Annex E (informative) Reactive power management [Go to Page]
- E.1 HVDC converter reactive power capability [Go to Page]
- E.1.1 Steady-state capability
- Figure E.1 – Capability diagram of a converter under different control strategies
- Figure E.2 – Converter capability with γmin = 17°, γmax = 40°, αmin = 5°, αmax = 35° and Udiomax = 1,2UdioN
- E.1.2 Temporary capability
- E.2 Converter Q-V control near switching points [Go to Page]
- Figure E.3 –Reactive power absorption of a rectifier as a function of α with Udio = UdioN, dx = 9,4 % and dr = 0,2 %
- Figure E.4 – Reactive power absorption of a inverter as a function of γ with Udio = UdioN, dx = 9,4 % and dr = 0,2 %
- E.3 Step change in voltage on switching a filter
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
