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PD IEC TR 62681:2022 Electromagnetic performance of high voltage direct current (HVDC) overhead transmission lines, 2022
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- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- 4 Electric field and ion current [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Description of the physical phenomena
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Monopolar and bipolar space charge regions of an HVDC transmission line [1]
- 4.2 Calculation methods [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 General
- 4.2.2 Semi-analytic method
- 4.2.3 Finite element method
- 4.2.4 BPA method
- 4.2.5 Empirical methods of EPRI
- 4.2.6 Recent progress
- 4.3 Experimental data [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 General
- 4.3.2 Instrumentation and measurement methods
- 4.3.3 Experimental results for electric field and ion current
- 4.3.4 Discussion
- 4.4 Implication for human and nature [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 General
- 4.4.2 Static electric field
- 4.4.3 Research on space charge
- 4.4.4 Scientific review
- 4.5 Design practice of different countries
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – Electric field and ion current limits of ±800 kV DC lines in China
- Table 2 – Electric field limits of DC lines in United States of America [121]
- Table 3 – Electric field and ion current limits of DC lines in Canada
- Table 4 – Electric field limits of DC lines in Brazil
- 5 Magnetic field [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Description of physical phenomena
- 5.2 Magnetic field of HVDC transmission lines
- 6 Radio interference [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Description of radio interference phenomena of HVDC transmission system [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 General
- 6.1.2 Physical aspects of DC corona
- Figure 2 – Lateral profile of magnetic field on the ground of ±800 kV HVDC lines [Go to Page]
- 6.1.3 Mechanism of formation of a noise field of DC line
- 6.1.4 Characteristics of radio interference from DC line
- Figure 3 – The corona current I and radio interference magnetic field H [Go to Page]
- 6.1.5 Factors influencing the RI from DC line
- 6.2 Calculation methods [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 EPRI empirical formula
- 6.2.2 IREQ empirical method
- 6.2.3 CISPR bipolar line RI prediction formula
- Table 5 – Parameters of the IREQ excitation function (Monopolar) [122]
- Table 6 – Parameters of the IREQ excitation function (Bipolar) [122]
- 6.3 Experimental data [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Measurement apparatus and methods
- 6.3.2 Experimental results for radio interference
- 6.4 Criteria of different countries
- 7 Audible noise [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Basic principles of audible noise
- Figure 4 – RI tolerance tests: reception quality as a function of signal-to-noise ratio
- Figure 5 – Attenuation of different weighting networks usedin audible-noise measurements [16]
- 7.2 Description of physical phenomena [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 General
- 7.2.2 Lateral profiles
- Figure 6 – Comparison of typical audible noise frequency spectra [132]
- Figure 7 – Lateral profiles of the AN
- Figure 8 – Lateral profiles of the AN from a bipolar HVDC-line equipped with 8 × 4,6 cm (8 × 1,8 in) conductor bundles energized with ±1 050 kV [134]
- Figure 9 – Lateral profiles of fair-weather A-weighted sound level [132] [Go to Page]
- 7.2.3 Statistical distribution
- Figure 10 – All weather distribution of AN and RI at +15 m lateral distance of the positive pole from the upgraded Pacific NW/SW HVDC Intertie [34] [Go to Page]
- 7.2.4 Influencing factors
- Figure 11 – Statistical distributions of fair-weather A-weighted sound level measuredat 27 m lateral distance from the line centre during spring 1980 [Go to Page]
- 7.2.5 Effect of altitude above sea level
- 7.2.6 Concluding remarks
- 7.3 Calculation methods [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 General
- 7.3.2 Theoretical analysis of audible noise propagation
- 7.3.3 Empirical formulas of audible noise
- 7.3.4 Semi-empirical formulas of audible noise
- Table 7 – Parameters defining regression equation for generated acoustic power density [8] [Go to Page]
- 7.3.5 Concluding remarks
- 7.4 Experimental data [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 Measurement techniques and instrumentation
- 7.4.2 Experimental results for audible noise
- 7.5 Design practice of different countries [Go to Page]
- 7.5.1 General
- 7.5.2 The effect of audible noise on people
- 7.5.3 The audible noise level and induced complaints
- Figure 12 – Audible noise complaint guidelines [14] in USA
- Figure 13 – Measured lateral profile of audible noiseon a 330 kV AC transmission line [152]
- Figure 14 – Subjective evaluation of DC transmission line audible noise; EPRI test centre study 1974 [14]
- Figure 15 – Subjective evaluation of DC transmission line audible noise; OSU study 1975 [14]
- Figure 16 – Results of the operators’ subjective evaluation of AN from HVDC lines
- Figure 17 – Results of subjective evaluation of AN from DC lines [Go to Page]
- 7.5.4 Limit values of audible noise of HVDC transmission lines in different countries
- 7.5.5 General national noise limits
- Table 8 – Typical sound attenuation (in decibels) provided by buildings [158]
- Annex A (informative) Experimental results for electric field and ion current [Go to Page]
- A.1 Bonneville Power Administration ±500 kV HVDC transmission line
- A.2 FURNAS ±600 kV HVDC transmission line
- Table A.1 – BPA ±500 kV line: statistical summary of all-weather ground-level electric field intensity and ion current density [34]
- A.3 Manitoba Hydro ±450 kV HVDC transmission line
- Table A.2 – FURNAS ±600 kV line: statistical summary of ground-level electric field intensity and ion current density [38]
- Figure A.1 – Electric field and ion current distributionsfor Manitoba Hydro ±450 kV Line [39]
- Figure A.2 – Cumulative distribution of electric fieldfor Manitoba Hydro ±450 kV Line [39]
- A.4 Hydro-Québec – New England ±450 kV HVDC transmission line
- Figure A.3 – Cumulative distribution of ion current densityfor Manitoba Hydro ±450 kV line [39]
- A.5 IREQ test line study of ±450 kV HVDC line configuration
- Table A.3 – Hydro-Québec–New England ±450 kV HVDC transmission line.Bath, NH; 1990-1992 (fair weather), 1992 (rain), All-season measurements of static electric E-field in kV/m [41]
- Table A.4 – Hydro-Québec – New England ±450 kV HVDC Transmission Line.Bath, NH; 1990-1992, All-season fair-weather measurements of ion concentrations in kions/cm3 [41]
- A.6 HVTRC test line study of ±400 kV HVDC line configuration
- Table A.5 – IREQ ±450 kV test line: statistical summary of ground-level electric field intensity and ion current density [43]
- A.7 Test study in China
- Table A.6 – HVTRC ±400 kV test line: statistical summary of peak electric field and ion currents [44]
- Figure A.4 – Test result for total electric field at different humidity [119]
- Table A.7 – Statistical results for the test data of total electricfield at ground (50 % value) [119]
- Figure A.5 – Comparison between the calculation result and test resultfor the total electric field (minimum conductor height is 18 m) [119]
- Annex B (informative) Experimental results for radio interference [Go to Page]
- B.1 Bonneville power administration’s 1 100 kV direct current test project
- Figure B.1 – Connection for 3-section DC test line [124]
- Figure B.2 – Typical RI lateral profile at ±600 kV, 4 × 30,5 mm conductor,11,2 m pole spacing, 15,2 m average height [14]
- Figure B.3 – Simultaneous RI lateral, midspan, in clear weather andlight wind for three configurations, bipolar ±400 kV [124]
- Figure B.4 – RI at 0,834 MHz as a function of bipolar line voltage 4 × 30,5 mmconductor, 11,2 m pole spacing, 15,2 m average height
- Figure B.5 – Percent cumulative distribution for fair weather,2 × 46 mm, 18,3 m pole spacing, ±600 kV
- Figure B.6 – Percent cumulative distribution for rainy weather, 2 × 46 mm,18,3 m pole spacing, ±600 kV
- Figure B.7 – Percent cumulative distribution for fair weather, 4 × 30,5 mm,13,2 m pole spacing, ±600 kV
- Figure B.8 – Percent cumulative distribution for rainy weather, 4 × 30,5 mm,13,2 m pole spacing, ±600 kV
- Table B.1 – Influence of wind on RI
- Figure B.9 – Radio interference frequency spectrum
- Figure B.10 – RI vs. frequency at ±400 kV [124]
- B.2 Hydro-Québec institute of research
- Figure B.11 – Cumulative distribution of RI measured at 15 m from the positive pole [125]
- Figure B.12 – Conducted RI frequency spectrum measured with the line terminated at one end [125]
- Table B.2 – Statistical representation of the long term RI performance of the tested conductor bundle [125]
- B.3 DC lines of China
- Figure B.13 – Lateral profile of RI [125]
- Table B.3 – RI at 0,5 MHz at lateral 20 m from positive pole (fair weather)
- Figure B.14 – Comparison between calculation result and test result for RI lateral profile [119]
- Table B.4 – The parameters of test lines
- Figure B.15 – The curve with altitude of the RI on positive reduced-scale test lines
- Table B.5 – Measured results of 0,5 MHz RI forthe full-scale test lines at different altitudes
- Annex C (informative)Experimental results for audible noise
- Figure C.1 – Examples of statistical distributions of fair weather audible noise. dB(A) measured at 27 m from line centre of a bipolar HVDC test line [16]
- Table C.1 – Audible Noise Levels of HVDC Lines according to [121] and [153]
- Figure C.2 – AN under the positive polar test lines varying with altitude
- Table C.2 – Test results of 50 % AN statistics for full-scale test lines
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
