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PD IEC/TS 62997:2017 Industrial electroheating and electromagnetic processing equipment. Evaluation of hazards caused by magnetic nearfields from 1 Hz to 6 MHz, 2017
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- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Terms and definitions
- 3.2 Quantities and units
- 4 Organisation and use of the technical specification
- 5 The basic relationship for determination of the in situ induced electric field
- 6 Requirements related to immediate nerve and muscle reactions [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- 6.2 Method using the conductor geometry and current restriction (CGCR)
- 6.3 Volunteer test method [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Volunteer basic test method
- 6.3.2 Method based on volunteer tests and similarity with pre-existing scenario
- 6.3.3 Method based on volunteer tests, using available elevated conductor current or shorter distance between the conductor and bodypart
- 6.3.4 Method using magnetic nearfield reference levels (RLs)
- 7 Requirements related to body tissue overheating [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Intermittent conditions with 6 minutes time integration
- 7.3 Intermittent conditions in fingers and hands with shorter integration times
- 8 Calculations and numerical computations of induced E field and SAR by magnetic nearfields: inaccuracies, uncertainties and safety factors [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Principles for handling levels of safety – general
- 8.2 The C value variations with B field curvature
- 8.3 Location of parts of the body, instrumentation and measurement issues
- 8.4 Handling of inaccuracies of in situ E field and SAR numerical values
- 8.5 Approaches to compliance [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 General
- 8.5.2 Cases where verification of levels being below the RL is sufficient
- 8.5.3 Cases where only B flux measurements are sufficient
- 8.5.4 Cases where the volunteer test method is applicable
- 8.5.5 Cases where the CGCR method is applicable
- 8.5.6 Cases where numerical modelling is carried out
- 8.6 Summary of inaccuracy/uncertainty factors to be considered
- 9 Risk group classification and warning marking [Go to Page]
- 9.1 General
- 9.2 Induced electric fields from 1 Hz to 1 kHz
- 9.3 Induced electric fields from 1 kHz to 100 kHz
- 9.4 Induced electric fields from 100 kHz to 6 MHz
- 9.5 Magnetic flux fields from 1 Hz to 6 MHz
- 9.6 Warning marking
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Examples of warning marking
- Annex A (informative) Survey of basic restrictions, reference levels in other standards, etc. [Go to Page]
- A.1 Basic restrictions – general and deviations
- A.2 The coupling values C in ICNIRP guidelines and IEEE standards
- A.3 Basic restrictions – immediate nerve and muscle reactions
- Figure A.1 – ICNIRP, IEEE and 2013/35/EU basic restrictions (RMS)
- A.4 Basic restrictions – specific absorption rates (SAR)
- A.5 Reference levels – external magnetic B field
- Annex B (normative) Analytical calculations of magnetically induced internal E field phenomena [Go to Page]
- B.1 Some basic formulas – magnetic fields and Laws of Nature
- B.2 Induced field deposition in tissues by magnetic nearfields
- B.3 Coupling of a homogeneous B field to homogeneous objects with simple geometries
- B.4 Starting points for numerical modelling [Go to Page]
- B.4.1 Relevant bodyparts
- B.4.2 The use of external B field and internal power density in numerical modelling
- Annex C (normative) Reference objects representing parts of the body: tissue conductivities [Go to Page]
- C.1 Reference bodyparts [Go to Page]
- C.1.1 General
- C.1.2 The wrist/arm models
- C.1.3 The hand model with tight fingers
- C.1.4 The hand model with spread-out fingers
- C.1.5 The finger model
- C.2 Dielectric properties of human tissues [Go to Page]
- C.2.1 General data for assessments
- C.2.2 Inner parts of the body
- C.2.3 Skin data
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table C.1 – Examples of dielectric data of human tissues at normal body temperature
- Annex D (informative) Results of numerical modelling with objects in a Helmholtz coil and at a long straight conductor [Go to Page]
- D.1 General and a large Helmholtz coil scenario with a diameter 200 mm sphere – FDTD 3D modelling
- D.2 Other reference objects in the Helmholtz coil – FDTD 3D modelling [Go to Page]
- D.2.1 The scenario
- D.2.2 Numerical modelling results with smaller spheres
- Figure D.1 – The z-directed magnetic field momentaneous maximal amplitude in the central y plane of the Helmholtz coil with the conductive 200 mm diameter sphere
- Figure D.2 – The power density patterns in the central y plane (left) and central z (equatorial) plane of the 200 mm diameter sphere [Go to Page]
- D.2.3 Numerical results with other objects
- Figure D.3 – The power density patterns in the central z planeof the reference objects, with maximal C values in m
- Annex E (informative) Numerical FDTD modelling with objects at a long straight wire conductor [Go to Page]
- E.1 Scenario and general information
- Figure E.1 – Long straight wire scenario
- E.2 Two 200 mm diameter spheres
- Figure E.2 – Power deposition patterns in the central z planes of the two spheres at 10 mm and 20 mm away from the sphere axis; σ = 20 Sm–1
- Figure E.3 – Power deposition pattern in the central y plane of the sphere at 10 mm distance from the wire axis; σ = 20 Sm–1
- E.3 The hand model with tight fingers at different distances from the wire – FDTD modelling [Go to Page]
- E.3.1 General information and scenario
- E.3.2 Modelling results – power deposition patterns
- Figure E.4 – Scenario with the hand model above the wire axis
- Figure E.5 – Power density in the hand model 2,5 mm above the wire axis
- Figure E.6 – Power density in the hand model 14 mm above the wire axis
- Figure E.7 – Power density in the hand model 100 mm above the wire axis
- E.4 The hand model with tight fingers at 100 mm from the wire – Flux® 122F FEM modelling
- E.5 Coupling data and analysis for the hand model with tight fingers above the wire – FDTD modelling
- Figure E.8 – Current density in the central cross section of the hand model at 9 mm from the wire – Flux® 12 FEM modelling
- Table E.1 – Coupling factors for the hand model with tight fingers at various heights above the wire axis
- E.6 Coupling data and analysis for the wrist/arm model above the wire
- Figure E.9 – Wrist/arm model above a long straight wire
- Figure E.10 – Linear power density (left, power scaling) and electric field amplitude (linear scale) in the x plane of wrist/arm model 10 mm straight above a long straight wire
- Annex F (informative) Numerical modelling and volunteer experiments with the hand models at a coil [Go to Page]
- F.1 General and on the B field amplitude
- Figure F.1 – Illustration of the B field at a single turn coil, with the coil centre at the left margin of the image – Flux® 12 FEM modelling
- F.2 The hand model with tight fingers 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm and 50 mm above the coil and with its right side above the coil axis – FDTD modelling [Go to Page]
- F.2.1 The scenario
- Figure F.2 – Hand above the coil scenario [Go to Page]
- F.2.2 Modelling results
- Figure F.3 – Power density pattern in the central vertical plane and in the bottom 1 mm layer of the hand model, z = 2 mm above the top of the coil; a = –51 mm
- Figure F.4 – Power density pattern in the central vertical plane and in the bottom 1 mm layer of the hand model, z = 4 mm; a = –51 mm
- Figure F.5 – Power density pattern in the central vertical plane and in the bottom 1 mm layer of the hand model, z = 50 mm; a = –51 mm
- Figure F.6 – The ±x-directed (left image) and ±y-directed momentaneous maximal E field at the hand underside, z = 4 mm; a = –51 mm
- Figure F.7 – The local power density pattern of the condition in Figure F.3,showing the 1 mm × 1 mm voxel size and the 5 mm2 integrationregion 2 mm above the hand underside
- Figure F.8 – The local y-directed momentaneous maximal electric field patternof the condition in Figure F.3, showing the 1 mm × 1 mm voxel size andthe 5 mm2 integration region 2 mm above the hand underside
- F.3 The hand model with tight fingers 6 mm above the coil and with variable position in the x direction – FDTD modelling
- F.4 The hand model with spread-out fingers, 6 mm straight above the coil – FDTD modelling
- Figure F.9 – The power density pattern in the hand model centred above the coil and 6 mm above it; left image: bottom region, right image: 10 mm up
- Figure F.10 – The hand model with spread-out fingers located 6 mm straight above the coil (left); relative power densities at the height of maximum power density between fingers (right)
- F.5 The hand model with tight fingers near a coil with metallic workload – FDTD modelling
- Figure F.11 – The hand model 6 mm above the coil and a 100 mm diametermetallic workload in the coil
- Figure F.12 – Quiver plot of the magnetic (H) field amplitude in logarithmic scaling,in the scenario in Figure F.11 with a non-magnetic (left) and magnetic (right) workload
- Figure F.13 – The power density pattern in the central vertical crosssection in the hand scenario in Figure F.11
- Figure F.14 – The power density in the central vertical cross section of the handas in the scenario in Figure F.11, but 50 mm above the coil; with no workload (left)and with permeable metallic workload (right)
- F.6 The finger model 2 mm above the coil – FDTD numerical modelling [Go to Page]
- F.6.1 The scenarios
- F.6.2 Modelling results
- Figure F.15 – The two finger positions above the coil; left = y-directed finger
- Figure F.16 – Power density maximum pattern in the y-directed17 mm diameter finger model
- Figure F.17 – Power density maximum pattern in the x-directed17 mm diameter finger model
- Figure F.18 – Momentaneous maximal electric field maximumpattern in the x-directed 17 mm diameter finger model
- F.7 Analysis of the FDTD modelling results [Go to Page]
- F.7.1 General
- F.7.2 With the hand model
- F.7.3 With the finger model
- F.8 Volunteer studies [Go to Page]
- F.8.1 General
- F.8.2 Calculations of the induced electric field strength in F.7.1
- F.9 Comparisons with conventional electric shock effects by contact current
- Figure F.19 – Plastic plate above the coil
- F.10 Conclusions from the data in Annexes E and F [Go to Page]
- F.10.1 Coupling factor C data in relation to reference object geometries and magnetic flux characteristics without workload
- F.10.2 Coupling factor C modifications by workloads
- F.10.3 Rationales for the CGCR basic value with the volunteer method
- Annex G (informative) Some examples of CGCR values of a hand near conductors as function of frequency, conductor current and configuration [Go to Page]
- G.1 Frequency and conductor current relationships: adopted CGCR value
- G.2 A hand above a thin wire
- Figure G.1 – Allowed RMS current at 11 kHz, based on CGCR = 40 Vm–1
- G.3 A hand above a coil
- Table G.1 – Coupling factors and allowed coil currents at 11 kHz for the hand model with the side at the coil axis, at various heights above the coil
- Figure G.2 – CGCR coil currents at 11 kHz for the hand model with the sideat the coil axis, at various heights above the coil
- Table G.2 – Coupling factors and allowed coil currents at 11 kHz for the hand modelat 6 mm above the coil with different sideways positions
- Figure G.3 – CGCR coil currents at 11 kHz for the hand model at 6 mm above the coil with different sideways positions
- Annex H (informative) Frequency upscaling with numerical modelling [Go to Page]
- H.1 General and energy penetration depth
- H.2 Actual penetration depth data
- H.3 The penetration depth issue of representativity with frequency upscaling
- H.4 Separation of the internal power density caused by direct capacitive coupling, and that caused by the external magnetic field
- H.5 The frequency upscaling procedures [Go to Page]
- H.5.1 General
- H.5.2 Choices of conductivity and control procedures
- Bibliography [Go to Page]