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FEMA P-361: Safe Rooms for Tornadoes and Hurricanes, Third Edition / March 2015, 2015
- Safe Rooms for Tornadoes and Hurricanes
- Preface
- Table of Contents
- Introduction to FEMA P-361
- Part A [Go to Page]
- CHAPTER A1 - Purpose and Background [Go to Page]
- A1.1 Purpose
- A1.2 Background on FEMA Safe Room DesignHistory and ICC Code Development [Go to Page]
- A1.2.1 Development of FEMA Safe Room Guidance
- A1.2.2 Development of ICC 500
- A1.2.3 ICC 500 Comparison with FEMA P-361
- A1.2.4 FEMA Safe Room Grant Funding Program
- A1.3 Safe Room Terminology [Go to Page]
- A1.3.1 Terminology
- A1.3.2 Types of Safe Rooms
- A1.4 Deciding Whether to Install a Safe Room
- CHAPTER A2 - Extreme-Wind Risk Assessmentand Analysis [Go to Page]
- A2.1 Risk Assessment [Go to Page]
- A2.1.1 Assessing Threat [Go to Page]
- A2.1.1.1 Tornado Threat
- A2.1.1.2 Hurricane Threat
- A2.1.2 Assessing Vulnerability [Go to Page]
- A2.1.2.1 Assessing Building Vulnerability
- A2.1.2.2 Assessing Vulnerable Population
- A2.2 Risk Analysis [Go to Page]
- A2.2.1 Analyzing Risk
- A2.2.2 Considering Multi-Hazards in Safe Room Design
- CHAPTER A3 - Costs and Benefit-Cost Analysis [Go to Page]
- A3.1 Safe Room Costs [Go to Page]
- A3.1.1 Design Parameters That Affect Safe Room Costs
- A3.1.2 Cost and Size Data from Constructed and Proposed Safe Room Projects
- A3.1.3 New Construction versus Retrofit
- A3.1.4 Cost of Hurricane Community Safe Room versus Combined Tornado and Hurricane Community Safe Room
- A3.2 Benefit-Cost Analysis [Go to Page]
- A3.2.1 Benefit-Cost Analysis Software
- A3.2.2 Determining Project Benefits
- CHAPTER A4 - Operation and MaintenanceConsiderations for CommunitySafe Rooms [Go to Page]
- A4.1 Safe Room O&M Plan Objectives and Parameters [Go to Page]
- A4.1.1 Safe Room Design
- A4.1.2 Multi-Use versus Single-Use
- A4.1.3 Duration of Occupancy
- A4.1.4 Intended Occupants
- A4.2 Staffing and Personnel Considerations [Go to Page]
- A4.2.1 Roles and Responsibilities
- A4.2.2 Contact Lists
- A4.2.3 Staff Training
- A4.2.4 Work Shifts
- A4.3 Community Outreach and Notification [Go to Page]
- A4.3.1 Identifying Potential Safe Room Occupant Population and Providing Information
- A4.3.2 Signage
- A4.3.3 Expectation of Safe Room Use during Off-Hours
- A4.3.4 Information on the Access and FunctionalNeeds of Potential Safe Room Occupants
- A4.3.5 Alert Signals and Drills
- A4.3.6 Pets
- A4.4 Emergency Provisions [Go to Page]
- A4.4.1 Food and Water
- A4.4.2 Communications Equipment
- A4.4.3 Emergency Supplies (ICC 500 Sec 702.4 and 703.7)
- A4.5 Access and Entry [Go to Page]
- A4.5.1 Parking
- A4.5.2 Entering the Safe Room
- A4.5.3 Registering Occupants
- A4.5.4 Locking Down the Safe Room
- A4.6 Operations during an Event [Go to Page]
- A4.6.1 Security
- A4.6.2 First Aid and Health Services
- A4.6.3 Communication
- A4.7 Post-Event Operations
- A4.8 Maintenance
- Part B [Go to Page]
- CHAPTER B1 - Application and Administration [Go to Page]
- B1.1 Criteria
- B1.2 FEMA Supplemental Commentary [Go to Page]
- B1.2.1 Single-Use and Multi-Use Safe Rooms (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 104) [Go to Page]
- B1.2.1.1 Multi-Use Safe Rooms (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 104.1)
- B1.2.1.2 Single-Use Safe Rooms (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 104.2)
- B1.2.2 Permitting, Review, andInspections (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 105 and 106) [Go to Page]
- B1.2.2.1 Permitting and Code Compliance
- B1.2.2.2 Peer Review (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 106.1.1)
- B1.2.2.3 Special Inspections and Acceptance (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 106.2, 106.3)
- B1.2.2.4 Structural Observations (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 106.4)
- B1.2.3 Construction Documents (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 107) [Go to Page]
- B1.2.3.1 Quality Assurance / Quality Control (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 107.3)
- B1.2.4 Design Information Signage and Labeling (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 108)
- CHAPTER B2 - Definitions
- CHAPTER B3 - Structural Design [Go to Page]
- B3.1 Criteria
- B3.2 FEMA Supplemental Commentary [Go to Page]
- B3.2.1 General Approach to the Structural Design of Safe Rooms (Reference: ICC Sec 301) [Go to Page]
- B3.2.1.1 Design Considerations and Safe Room Types [Go to Page]
- B3.2.1.1.1 Stand-Alone Safe Rooms
- B3.2.1.1.2 Internal Safe Rooms
- B3.2.1.2 Structural and Building Envelope Characteristics of Safe Rooms
- B3.2.2 Load Combinations (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 302)
- B3.2.3 Non-Wind Load Considerations (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 303) [Go to Page]
- B3.2.3.1 Rain Loads
- B3.2.3.2 Roof Live Loads
- B3.2.3.3 Flood Loads
- B3.2.3.4 Seismic Loads and Seismic Detailing
- B3.2.4 Wind Loads and Design (ICC 500 Sec 304) [Go to Page]
- B3.2.4.1 Design Wind Speeds for Safe Rooms [Go to Page]
- B3.2.4.1.1 Background on Safe Room Design Wind Speed Maps
- B3.2.4.1.2 Tornado Design Wind Speed Map (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 304.2)
- B3.2.4.1.3 Hurricane Design Wind Speed Map (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 304.2)
- B3.2.4.1.4 Wind Speeds for Alaska
- B3.2.4.1.5 Potential for Exceeding Design Wind Speed
- B3.2.4.2 Calculating Wind Loads [Go to Page]
- B3.2.4.2.1 Parameters for Calculating Wind Pressures
- B3.2.4.2.2 Using the ASCE 7 Directional Procedure
- B3.2.4.2.3 Combination of Wind Loads: MWFRS and C&C
- B3.2.4.3 Continuous Load Path Concepts [Go to Page]
- B3.2.4.3.1 Anchorages and Connections
- B3.2.4.3.2 Roof Connections and Roof-to-Wall Connections
- B3.2.4.3.3 Foundation-to-Wall Connections (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 308)
- B3.2.5 Debris Hazards (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 305) [Go to Page]
- B3.2.5.1 Test Missile Criteria for Tornado Community Safe Rooms (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 305.1.1)
- B3.2.5.2 Test Missile Criteria for Hurricane Community Safe Rooms (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 305.1.2)
- B3.2.5.3 Test Missile Criteria for Residential Safe Rooms
- B3.2.5.4 Soil Cover as Protection from Debris Impact
- B3.2.5.5 Lay Down, Rollover, Collapse, and Large Falling/Flying Debris Hazards (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 305.3)
- B3.2.6 Component Design and Testing (Reference: ICC Sec 306)
- CHAPTER B4 - Siting [Go to Page]
- B4.1 Criteria
- B4.2 FEMA Supplemental Commentary [Go to Page]
- B4.2.1 General Siting Considerations [Go to Page]
- B4.2.1.1 Function and Use
- B4.2.1.2 Safety
- B4.2.1.3 Access
- B4.2.1.4 Siting Proximity to Other Buildings
- B4.2.1.5 Siting Proximity to Occupants for Residential Safe Rooms (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 401)
- B4.2.1.6 Siting Proximity to Occupants for Community Safe Rooms
- B4.2.1.7 Manmade Siting Hazards(Reference: ICC 500 Sec 402)
- B4.2.1.8 Other Criteria to Consider
- B4.2.2 Flood Hazards (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 401 and Sec 404) [Go to Page]
- B4.2.2.1 General Flood Hazard Siting / Elevation
- B4.2.2.2 Flood Design Criteria for Community Safe Rooms
- B4.2.2.3 Flood Design Criteria for Residential Safe Rooms
- CHAPTER B5 - Occupancy, Means of Egress,Access and Accessibility [Go to Page]
- B5.1 Criteria
- B5.2 FEMA Supplemental Commentary [Go to Page]
- B5.2.1 Community Safe Rooms (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 501) [Go to Page]
- B5.2.1.1 Calculation of Usable Floor Area of a CommunitySafe Room (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 501.1.2)
- B5.2.1.2 Number of Doors for a Safe Room (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 501.2)
- B5.2.1.3 Emergency Escape Opening (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 501.4)
- B5.2.1.4 Americans with Disabilities Act (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 501.6) [Go to Page]
- B5.2.1.4.1 Travel Time and Access
- B5.2.1.4.2 Access and Functional Needs
- B5.2.2 Residential Safe Rooms (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 502)
- B5.2.3 Locks and Latching (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 503)
- B5.2.4 Signage for Community Safe Rooms (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 504)
- CHAPTER B6 - Fire Safety
- CHAPTER B7 - Essential Features and Accessories [Go to Page]
- B7.1 Criteria
- B7.2 FEMA Supplemental Commentary [Go to Page]
- B7.2.1 Occupancy Duration
- B7.2.2 Ventilation (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 702.1 and 703.1)
- B7.2.3 Sanitation Management (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 702.2 and 703.2)
- B7.2.4 Lighting (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 702.3 and 703.4)
- B7.2.5 Standby (Emergency) Power (Reference: ICC 500 Sec 702.3, 703.4, 703.5 and 703.6)
- B7.2.6 Water Supply (Reference: ICC Sec 703.3)
- CHAPTER B8 - Test Methods for Impact andPressure Testing [Go to Page]
- B8.1 Criteria
- B8.2 FEMA Supplemental Commentary [Go to Page]
- B8.2.1 Wind-borne Debris in Tornadoes and Hurricanes [Go to Page]
- B8.2.1.1 Debris Potential at Safe Room Sites
- B8.2.1.2 Representative Missiles for Debris Impact Testing [Go to Page]
- B8.2.1.2.1 Tornado Test Missile
- B8.2.1.2.2 Hurricane Test Missile
- B8.2.2 Resistance to Test Missile Loads and Successful Testing Criteria [Go to Page]
- B8.2.2.1 Debris Impact Test Speeds for Representative Missiles
- B8.2.2.2 Induced Loads from the Test Missile and Other Debris
- B8.2.3 Performance of Wall and Roof Assemblies during Tornado Missile Impact Tests [Go to Page]
- B8.2.3.1 Impact Resistance of Wood Wall Assemblies
- B8.2.3.2 Impact Resistance of Wall Assemblies with Steel Sheathing
- B8.2.3.3 Impact Resistance of Concrete Masonry Unit Wall Assemblies
- B8.2.3.4 Impact Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Wall and Roof Assemblies
- B8.2.4 Performance of Door, Glazed Openings, and Impact ProtectiveSystems during Debris Impact and Pressure Tests [Go to Page]
- B8.2.4.1 Door Assemblies
- B8.2.4.2 Glazed Opening Assemblies
- B8.2.4.3 Impact Protective Systems
- B8.2.5 Test Laboratory Accreditation
- B8.2.5 Test Laboratory Accreditation
- CHAPTER B9 - References and Resources [Go to Page]
- B9.1 Storm Surge Inundation Data
- Appendices [Go to Page]
- APPENDIX A - Acronyms
- APPENDIX B - Acknowledgments
- APPENDIX C - Designer Checklist
- APPENDIX D - Comparison Matrix of DifferencesBetween ICC 500 Requirements andFEMA Recommended Criteria [Go to Page]
