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ASHRAE Standard 514-2023 Chemical, and Microbial Hazards(ANSI Approved), 2023
- ASHRAE Online Bookstore
- Additional Resources
- ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 514-2023 [Go to Page]
- Contents
- Foreword
- 1. Purpose
- 2. Scope [Go to Page]
- 2.1 This standard applies to the design, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance, repair, replacement, and expansion of new and existing building water systems (potable and nonpotable) and components.
- 2.2 This standard applies to human-occupied commercial, institutional, multiunit residential, assembly, educational, and industrial buildings. This standard does not include single-family residential buildings.
- 2.3 This standard is intended for owners, authorities having jurisdiction, and those involved in the design, construction, management, installation, commissioning, operation, maintenance, and service of centralized building water systems and components.
- 3. Definitions [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Defined Terms
- 3.2 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Initialisms
- 4. Compliance [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Building Designer Requirements. The building designer shall review the design of building water systems in each new building, and in the renovation, addition, or modification of existing buildings. If the design contains any of the following syst...
- 4.2 Building Owner Requirements. Before occupancy of a new building, and before construction begins on renovations, additions, or modifications to an existing building, and at least annually, the owner shall survey to determine whether the requiremen...
- 4.3 Health Care Facility Requirements
- 5. General Requirements [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Elements of a Water Management Program. A water management program (“Program”) utilizing the following subsections shall be written and implemented to reduce the overall risk of illness or injury from hazards associated with building water sy...
- 5.2 Program Development
- 5.3 Existing Building Review, New Construction, and Renovations
- 6. Requirements for Building Water Systems [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Potable Water Systems. The water management program (“Program”) shall comply with the requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188 2, Section 7.1, and shall comply with the following additional requirements.
- 6.2 Open-Circuit Cooling Towers, Closed-Circuit Cooling Towers, and Evaporative Condensers. The Program shall comply with the requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188 2, Section 7.2.
- 6.3 Public Pools and Spas. The Program shall comply with the requirements in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188 2, Section 7.3.
- 6.4 Ornamental Fountains and Other Water Features. The Program shall comply with the requirements in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188 2, Section 7.4.
- 6.5 Aerosol-Generating Misters, Atomizers, Air Washers, and Humidifiers. The Program shall comply with the requirements in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188 2, Section 7.5.
- 7. Requirements for Designing and Documenting Building Water Systems [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Design Documents. When designing for new construction, renovations, refurbishment, replacement, or repurposing of a facility, the following shall be documented:
- 7.2 Final As-Built Installation Documents
- 7.3 Balancing. All building water systems shall be balanced to provide the design flow and pressure through circulating or parallel piping circuits, tanks, and equipment. A balance report for all building water systems shall be provided to the buildi...
- 7.4 Start-Up Procedures. Instructions for placing all building water systems into operation, and for confirming that the systems are operating as designed, shall be provided to the building owner or their designee and shall include the following:
- 8. Requirements for Health care Facilities [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Principles of a Building Water System Risk Management Plan. A water management program (“Program”) utilizing the risk management principles within this section shall be written and used to reduce the overall risk of illness or injury from haz...
- 8.2 Program Development
- 9. Normative References
- Informative Appendix A: Building Water Systems Physical Hazards Guidance [Go to Page]
- A1. Physical Hazards [Go to Page]
- A1.1 Temperature Control of Microbial Growth. To control microbial growth in potable building water systems, water heater thermostats and hot-water distribution controls should be adjusted to maintain hot- water temperatures above the range where mic...
- A1.2 Temperature-Actuated Mixing Valves. ASHRAE Guideline 12 J1 recommends that water heaters with storage tanks be maintained at 140°F (60°C) or higher to control microbial growth, unless other compensating control measures are used. Hot-water dis...
- A1.3 Recirculation, Temperature Gages, and Adjustments of Thermostatic Controls at Taps. A temperature gage should be installed to indicate the blended water temperature from the temperature-actuated mixing valve installed downstream of the hot-water...
- A1.4 Burns from Scalding. Burns from hot-water scalding can be very painful, debilitating, and sometimes a fatal form of thermal injury. Children, particularly those under five years old, the disabled, and the elderly tend to be more susceptible to s...
- Informative Appendix B: Building Water Systems Chemical Hazards Guidance [Go to Page]
- B1. Introduction
- B2. Routes of Exposure
- B3. Contaminants Occurrence
- B4. Relative Toxicity of Chemical Contaminants
- B5. Adverse Effects on Materials [Go to Page]
- B5.1 Metals. All of the antimicrobial disinfection chemicals listed in Table B-2 may, under certain conditions, corrode metal pipes and other metal components used in potable building water systems. Different types of corrosion, such as uniform corro...
- B5.2 Plastics. All of the antimicrobial disinfection chemicals listed in Table B-2 may, under certain conditions, have adverse effects on plastics used in potable building water systems. Plastics used to make pipes for water utility distribution pipi...
- B5.3 Elastomers. All of the antimicrobial disinfection chemicals listed in Table B-2 may, under certain conditions, have adverse effects on elastomeric components used in potable building water systems. Elastomers commonly used in building water syst...
- B6. Rules, Regulations, and Guidance
- B7. Antimicrobial Disinfection Chemicals [Go to Page]
- B7.1 Chlorine
- B7.2 Chlorine Dioxide
- B7.3 Monochloramine
- B7.4 Copper Ions and Silver Ions (CSI)
- B8. Chemical Contaminants [Go to Page]
- B8.1 Ammonia/Ammonium Ion
- B8.2 Bromate Ion
- B8.3 Cadmium
- B8.4 Chlorate Ion
- B8.5 Chlorite Ion
- B8.6 Copper Ion
- B8.7 Haloacetic Acids
- B8.8 Iron
- B8.9 Lead
- B8.10 Nickel
- B8.11 Nitrate Ion
- B8.12 Nitrite Ion
- B8.13 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
- B8.14 Silver Ion
- B8.15 Total Trihalomethanes (THM)
- Informative Appendix C: Building Water Systems Microbial Hazards Guidance [Go to Page]
- C1. What Is a Microbial Hazard?
- C2. How Do People Get Sick from Microbial Hazards?
- C3. What Microbial Hazards Are Most Commonly Associated with Disease?
- C4. What Types of Infections do these Microbial Hazards Cause? [Go to Page]
- C4.1 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM). There are about 190 species of NTM, 70 species of which have been found to cause infections. Most disease caused by NTM occurs in the general population; however, illness also occurs in patients in health care ...
- C4.2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacteria can cause hot-tub rash or swimmer’s ear in healthy human hosts after exposure to contaminated water, especially from hot tubs and swimming pools with inadequate disinfecti...
- C4.3 Legionella. The majority of known Legionella infections are caused by one species, L. pneumophila. However, of the about sixty recognized species in this genus, approximately half have been associated with human disease. Biofilm-associated proto...
- C4.4 Acanthamoeba. Acanthamoeba are a microorganism that can cause Acanthamoeba keratitis, an eye infection that has been linked to contact lens use, although people who do not use contact lenses can also become infected. Poor contact lens hygiene or...
- C4.5 Naegleria fowleri. Naegleria fowleri (N. fowleri) is a microorganism that can infect people when water containing the amoeba enters the body through the nose. The amoeba migrates to the brain and begins to destroy brain tissue. There is no stand...
- C5. How Are Microbial Hazards Controlled? [Go to Page]
- C5.1 Water Temperature. Water temperature plays an important role in controlling the growth of microorganisms in building water systems. Many of these microorganisms that can produce disease (pathogens) in susceptible individuals grow best in moderat...
- C5.2 System Cleanliness. Particles of organic material and heavy metals can enter the building water systems in water provided by the water utility, and can also be introduced into or be released from within the building water systems. Organic materi...
- C5.3 Water Quality Conditions. Building water system water quality characteristics, such as temperature and disinfectant residual, may deteriorate in low-flow or no-flow conditions, which can increase water age. Such conditions can occur where there ...
- Informative Appendix D: Guidance if Microbial Testing Is Utilized in the Absence of Suspected or Confirmed Facility-Associated Disease [Go to Page]
- D1. Reasons for Conducting Microbial Testing
- D2. Targets for Microbial Testing [Go to Page]
- D2.1 Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC). Heterotrophs are any microorganism that requires organic carbon as a food source, as opposed to autotrophs that gain energy from sunlight or chemical reactions. The number of viable heterotrophs is considered an ...
- D2.2 Legionella. Legionella bacteria can cause legionellosis. Testing for Legionella in building water systems is covered extensively in ASHRAE Guideline 12J1.
- D2.3 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Pseudomonas bacteria can cause a variety of illnesses, including rashes, pneumonia, and sepsis. Pseudomonas bacteria are often primary colonizers and important components of a biofilm. Testing for P. aeruginosa can indica...
- D3. Microbial Test Methods [Go to Page]
- D3.1 Culture. “Culture” is a broad term for test procedures that involve growing microorganisms on or in artificial media. Culture methods have historically been the most frequently used test methods to determine whether viable microorganisms are...
- D3.2 Molecular Methods. Molecular methods are procedures that detect the genetic material of organisms. Molecular tests may be specific to
- D3.3 Antibody-Based Testing. Antibody-based testing uses antibodies to indicate the presence of a microorganism. Antibody-based testing may be performed by a laboratory or may be performed on-site by the user or the Program Team. The most common type...
- D3.4 Emergent Test Methods. Test methodologies are constantly evolving and improving. When considering the use of emergent test methods, consider the following:
- D4. Responses to Microbial Test Results
- Informative Appendix E: Potable and Process Building Water Systems Guidance [Go to Page]
- E1. Potable Water Systems
- E2. Whirlpool Spas [Go to Page]
- E2.1 Consider application of disinfectants to whirlpool spas utilized in temporary settings or display units to avoid the potential for growth and transmission of microbial hazards.
- E3. Ornamental Fountains and Other Water Features
- E4. Aerosol-generating Misters, Atomizers, Air Washers, and Humidifiers
- E5. Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers
- E6. Irrigation Systems [Go to Page]
- E6.1 Irrigation System Type. The documents should include procedures for identifying the type of irrigation system.
- E6.2 Source Water. The documents should include procedures for all potential sources of water for the irrigation systems, including, but not limited to
- E6.3 Irrigation System Design. The documents should include
- E6.4 Irrigation System Siting. Prior to beginning construction for installation of new, replacement, or temporary irrigation systems, construction documents should be reviewed and the following items addressed:
- E6.5 New System Start-Up. The documents should have required cleaning procedures for when commissioning the irrigation system.
- E6.6 Irrigation System Maintenance. The documents should include procedures for
- E6.7 System Shutdown and Start-up. The documents should include procedures for
- E6.8 Contingency Response Plan. The documents should include
- E7. Car Washes
- E8. Ultrapure and High-purity Water Systems [Go to Page]
- E8.1 System Identification and Description. Documents for these systems should include
- E8.2 Source Water. The documents should include procedures for
- E8.3 System Design. The documents should include procedures for
- E8.4 System Maintenance. The documents should include
- E8.5 System Shutdown and Start-Up. The documents should include procedures for
- E8.6 Contingency Response Plan. The documents should include
- E9. Systems for Collecting or Recycling Blackwater, Graywater, and Rainwater (BGR) for Nonpotable Use [Go to Page]
- E9.1 System Identification. The documents should be maintained to include
- E9.2 Water Treatment. The documents should be maintained to include
- E9.3 Monitoring. The documents should be maintained to include procedures for
- E9.4 System Design. The documents should be maintained to include procedures for
- E9.5 User Guidance. The documents should be maintained to include procedures for
- E10. Other Building Water Systems Where Microbial Hazards May Grow
- Informative Appendix F: Building Designer Guidance [Go to Page]
- F1. Overview
- F2. Predesign Consultation
- F3. Potable Building Water System Design
- F4. Nonpotable Building Water System Design
- F5. Other Building Water System Design Guidance
- F6. Balancing Recirculated Potable Building Water Systems
- F7. Start-Up Procedures
- Informative Appendix G: Health Care Facility Guidance [Go to Page]
- G1. Introduction
- G2. Program Development [Go to Page]
- G2.1 Considerations. When developing, implementing, and documenting the risk management plan, the Designated Team should consider
- G2.2 Prerequisites. To prepare for developing the risk management plan, the Designated Team should identify and consider existing information, policies, programs and requirements, including
- G2.3 Describe the Building Water Systems. The building water systems description should be sufficiently detailed and comprehensive to enable the systematic, step-by-step identification, analysis, and management of hazardous conditions that may contri...
- G3. Analysis of the Building Water System
- G4. Control Measures [Go to Page]
- G4.1 Microbial Control Measures. The following are some measures for controlling four key factors that contribute to conditions that support the growth of microbial hazards in building water systems: accumulation of sediment, water temperatures betwe...
- G5. Monitoring
- G6. Corrective Actions
- G7. Program Confirmation [Go to Page]
- G7.1 Confirmation That the Risk Management Plan Is Implemented as Designed. Section 8.2.9 requires the Designated Team to establish procedures to confirm, both initially and on an ongoing basis, that the Program is being implemented as designed. The ...
- G7.2 Confirmation That the Risk Management Plan Is Meeting Its Objectives. Section 8.2.9 requires the Designated Team to establish procedures to confirm, both initially and on an ongoing basis, that the Program, when implemented as designed, controls...
- G7.3 The resulting process is validation. The validation methods may be more intensive where the populations served by the building water system are at greater risk from the identified hazards. In health care environments, clinical surveillance is an...
- G8. Measurements of Physical and Chemical Parameters
- G9. Microbial Testing—general [Go to Page]
- G9.1 In the Case of Suspected or Confirmed Disease. Testing samples for microbial hazards should be considered by the Designated Team based on clinical surveillance/infection prevention and control reports of suspected or confirmed cases of disease c...
- G9.2 In the Absence of Suspected or Confirmed Disease. Whether or not to test for microbial hazards in the absence of disease, primarily in connection with the initial development and validation of the Program, is at the discretion of the Designated ...
- G10. Contingency Response Plan
- G11. Documentation and Communication
- G12. Existing Building Review
- G13. New Construction and Renovations
- Informative Appendix H: Guidance for U.S. Regulations on Drinking Water Treatment and on Chemicals Used for Potable and Nonpotable Water Treatment
- Informative Appendix I: Guidance on Personal Protective Equipment for Use When There Is Potential for Exposure to Physical, Chemical, and Microbial Hazards
- Informative Appendix J: Informative References and Bibliography [Go to Page]
- J1. Informative References
- J2. Bibliography [Go to Page]
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