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Dam Foundation Grouting, 2007
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1. Introduction [Go to Page]
- 1.1 The Basics
- 1.2 A History of Grouting [Go to Page]
- 1.2.1 Origins in Europe
- 1.2.2 The Early History of Grouting in the United States
- 1.2.3 Later History of Grouting in the United States
- 1.2.4 Late 20th Century Advances
- 1.3 Essential Elements of a Good Grouting Project
- 1.4 Grouting as Exploration
- 1.5 Computer Applications
- Chapter 2. Geologic and Geohydrologic Considerations [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Site Geology and Geohydrology Must Be Understood
- 2.2 Site Investigations for Grouting Program Design [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1 Regional Geologic Review
- 2.2.2 Photointerpretation
- 2.2.3 Geologic Mapping
- 2.2.4 Geophysical Surveys
- 2.2.5 Direct Subsurface Geologic Investigations
- 2.2.6 Geohydrologic Studies
- 2.2.7 Geologic Interpretation
- 2.3 Permeability Assessment for Grouting Programs
- 2.4 Geologic Conditions Affecting Grouting Programs [Go to Page]
- 2.4.1 Sedimentary Rock Foundations
- 2.4.2 Soluble Rocks
- 2.4.3 Volcanic and Pyroclastic Rocks
- 2.4.4 Granitic and Metamorphic Rocks
- 2.4.5 Tectonic Features
- 2.4.6 Steep or Unstable Slopes
- 2.4.7 Unconsolidated Deposits
- Chapter 3. Conceptual Design Considerations [Go to Page]
- 3.1 General Considerations
- 3.2 Test Grouting
- 3.3 Grout Curtain Depth
- 3.4 Grout Curtain Length
- 3.5 Grout Hole Spacing
- 3.6 Grout Hole Orientation
- 3.7 Single-Row Versus Multiple-Row Curtains
- 3.8 Grout Caps and Cutoff Walls
- 3.9 Grout Galleries
- 3.10 Blanket Grouting and Consolidation Grouting
- 3.11 Design Standards [Go to Page]
- 3.11.1 Generalized Guidelines
- 3.11.2 Quantitatively Engineered Grout Curtains
- Chapter 4. Grouting Materials [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Introduction and Classification
- 4.2 Water
- 4.3 Category 1 Materials: Particulate Grouts [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 Cements
- 4.3.2 Pozzolans
- 4.3.3 Clays
- 4.3.4 Inert Fillers
- 4.3.5 Chemical Admixtures
- 4.4 Category 2 Materials: Colloidal Solutions
- 4.5 Category 3 Materials: True Solutions [Go to Page]
- 4.5.1 Acrylic Resins
- 4.5.2 Phenolic Resins
- 4.5.3 Aminoplastic Resins
- 4.5.4 Polyurethane Resins
- 4.6 Category 4 Materials: Miscellaneous [Go to Page]
- 4.6.1 Hot Melts (Bitumens)
- 4.6.2 Polyesters
- 4.6.3 Epoxies
- 4.6.4 Montan Wax
- 4.6.5 Silicones
- 4.6.6 Silacsols
- 4.6.7 Precipitation Grouts
- 4.7 Final Remarks
- Chapter 5. Basics of Particulate Grout Mix Design, Testing, and Performance [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Basic Properties and Parameters [Go to Page]
- 5.1.1 Rheology
- 5.1.2 A Little More on Rheology
- 5.1.3 Bleed (Settlement or Sedimentation)
- 5.1.4 Pressure Filtration
- 5.1.5 Water-Repellent and Antiwashout Characteristics
- 5.1.6 Prevention of Particle Agglomeration
- 5.1.7 Hydration Control
- 5.1.8 Prevention of Filler Segregation
- 5.1.9 Matrix Porosity
- 5.1.10 Grain Size
- 5.1.11 Hardening
- 5.2 Testing of Grouts [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Cohesion and Gelation
- 5.2.2 Apparent Viscosity
- 5.2.3 Bleed or Sedimentation
- 5.2.4 Pressure Filtration
- 5.2.5 Washout Resistance
- 5.2.6 Filler Segregation
- 5.2.7 Specific Gravity
- 5.2.8 Set Times
- 5.2.9 Strength
- 5.2.10 Matrix Porosity
- 5.2.11 Compatibility
- 5.3 Mix Design Considerations [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Water: Cement Ratio
- 5.3.2 Neat Cement Grouts
- 5.3.3 Clay or Bentonite–Cement Grouts
- 5.3.4 Grouts with Fillers and Pozzolans
- 5.3.5 Grouts for Special Applications
- 5.3.6 Grouts with Enhanced Penetrability
- 5.4 Digest of Typical Multicomponent Formulations
- Chapter 6. Grout Injection Pressure [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Controversial Rules
- 6.2 European Grouting Philosophy
- 6.3 Contemporary European Grouting Theory
- 6.4 European and Other Foreign Grouting Practice
- 6.5 Relevant Theory from U.S. Practice
- 6.6 Relevant U.S. Practice
- 6.7 Conclusions Regarding Injection Pressure [Go to Page]
- 6.7.1 Some Bases for Selection of Injection Pressures
- 6.7.2 Special Considerations
- Chapter 7. Miscellaneous Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Material and Mix Properties Affecting Grout Penetration [Go to Page]
- 7.1.1 Rheology
- 7.1.2 Specific Gravity
- 7.1.3 Settlement (Bleed)
- 7.1.4 Pressure Filtration
- 7.1.5 Grain Size
- 7.1.6 Water-Repellent and Anti-Washout Characteristics
- 7.2 Fracture Characteristics Affecting Grout Penetration [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Fracture Aperture
- 7.2.2 Roughness
- 7.2.3 Hydraulic Routing
- 7.2.4 Tortuosity
- 7.2.5 Porosity
- 7.2.6 Permeability
- 7.3 Procedural Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 Drilling Methods and Procedures
- 7.3.2 Protection of Holes
- 7.3.3 Grout Mixing Procedures
- 7.3.4 Choice of Grouting Method
- 7.3.5 Stage Refusal Criteria
- 7.3.6 Closure Criteria
- 7.3.7 Backfilling Method
- 7.4 Climatic Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 Winter Grouting
- 7.4.2 Hot-Weather Grouting
- 7.5 Design Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness [Go to Page]
- 7.5.1 Grout Curtain Depth
- 7.5.2 Grout Curtain Length
- 7.5.3 Grout Curtain Width
- 7.5.4 Grout Hole Spacing
- 7.5.5 Grout Hole Orientation
- 7.6 Nebulous Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness
- 7.7 Factors Affecting Grout Curtain Durability [Go to Page]
- 7.7.1 Geochemical Environment
- 7.7.2 Grout Mix Design
- 7.7.3 Hydraulic Gradient
- 7.7.4 Erodibility or Solubility of the Rock Mass or Defect Infillings
- Chapter 8. Drilling [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Systems, Methods, and Applicability [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 Common Features
- 8.2.2 Rock Drilling
- 8.2.3 Overburden Drilling
- 8.3 Drilling Equipment [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 Drilling Rigs
- 8.3.2 Flush Pumps
- 8.3.3 Winches
- 8.3.4 Scaffolding
- 8.3.5 Mobile Platforms
- 8.4 The Significance of Circulation Type and Application
- 8.5 Borehole Deviation [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 Controls over Deviation
- 8.5.2 Examples of Monitored Deviation Data
- 8.5.3 Measurement of Deviation
- 8.6 Recording of Drilling Progress and Parameters [Go to Page]
- 8.6.1 Basic Concepts
- 8.6.2 Manual Measurement While Drilling
- 8.6.3 Automated Measurement While Drilling
- 8.7 Final Comments
- Chapter 9. Grouting Equipment [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Grout Mixers [Go to Page]
- 9.1.1 High-Speed, High-Shear Colloidal Mixers
- 9.1.2 Paddle Mixers
- 9.1.3 Other Types of Mixers
- 9.2 Grout Agitators
- 9.3 Grout Pumps [Go to Page]
- 9.3.1 Progressive Cavity Pumps
- 9.3.2 Piston Pumps
- 9.3.3 Plunger Pumps
- 9.4 Auxiliary Equipment [Go to Page]
- 9.4.1 Water Meters
- 9.4.2 Flow Meters
- 9.4.3 Water Tanks
- 9.4.4 Bentonite Hydration Tanks
- 9.5 Grout Plants [Go to Page]
- 9.5.1 Stationary (Central) Plants
- 9.5.2 Modular (Containerized) Plants
- 9.5.3 Bag Plants
- 9.6 Basic Equipment for Grout Injection [Go to Page]
- 9.6.1 Conventional Grout Headers
- 9.6.2 Pressure Gauges
- 9.6.3 Pressure and Flow Recorders
- 9.6.4 Packers
- 9.6.5 Sleeved Pipes
- 9.6.6 Multiple-Packer Sleeved Pipe System
- 9.7 Automated Recording and Control Systems [Go to Page]
- 9.7.1 Recording and Monitoring Systems
- 9.7.2 New Developments
- 9.8 Uplift Monitoring Devices [Go to Page]
- 9.8.1 General Considerations
- 9.8.2 Simple Devices
- 9.8.3 Recent Developments in Displacement Detection
- Chapter 10. Preparation for Grouting [Go to Page]
- 10.1 General Considerations
- 10.2 Excavation and Shaping [Go to Page]
- 10.2.1 Core Foundation Excavation Depth
- 10.2.2 Foundation Shaping
- 10.3 Geologic Mapping
- 10.4 Bedrock Surface Treatment [Go to Page]
- 10.4.1 Treatment of Joints, Faults, and Fracture Zones
- 10.4.2 Control of Springs and Seeps during Construction
- 10.4.3 Surface Coatings
- 10.4.4 Dental Concrete
- 10.4.5 Regularizing Concrete
- 10.5 Grout Caps and Cutoff Walls
- 10.6 Grout Galleries
- 10.7 Access for Drilling, Grouting, and Inspection
- 10.8 Work Area Protection
- 10.9 Surveys [Go to Page]
- 10.9.1 Preliminary Surveys
- 10.9.2 Supplementary Surveys
- 10.10 Grout Nipples and Standpipes
- 10.11 Arrangement of Equipment [Go to Page]
- 10.11.1 Grout Plants and Agitators
- 10.11.2 Headers and Pressure and Flow Recorders
- Chapter 11. Basic Procedures for Bedrock Grouting [Go to Page]
- 11.1 Evolution of Bedrock Grouting Procedures
- 11.2 Pattern and Sequence [Go to Page]
- 11.2.1 Blanket Grouting
- 11.2.2 Multiple-Row Curtains
- 11.2.3 Split-Spacing Sequences
- 11.3 Bedrock Drilling Procedures
- 11.4 Washing Procedures [Go to Page]
- 11.4.1 Special Washing
- 11.4.2 Pressure Washing
- 11.5 Water-Pressure Testing [Go to Page]
- 11.5.1 Objectives
- 11.5.2 Routine Water-Pressure Tests
- 11.5.3 Multiple-Stage Water-Pressure Tests
- 11.6 Bedrock Grouting Procedures [Go to Page]
- 11.6.1 General Procedures
- 11.6.2 Packer Seating Procedure
- 11.6.3 Grout Mixing Procedures
- 11.6.4 Selection of Grout Injection Pressures
- 11.6.5 Grout Injection Procedures
- 11.6.6 Treatment of Special Problems
- 11.6.7 Grout Hole Backfilling
- 11.7 Protection of Grout Holes
- 11.8 Soil and Embankment Grouting Methods [Go to Page]
- 11.8.1 Permeation Grouting
- 11.8.2 Compaction Grouting
- 11.8.3 Hydrofracture Grouting
- 11.8.4 Jet Grouting
- 11.8.5 Deep Mixing Method (DMM)
- Chapter 12. Supervision and Inspection [Go to Page]
- 12.1 Overview
- 12.2 Supervision
- 12.3 Inspection [Go to Page]
- 12.3.2 Inspection of Grouting Operations
- 12.4 Safety Considerations
- 12.5 Duties of Data Coordinators
- 12.6 Office Facilities for Grouting Operations
- 12.7 Field Laboratory Facilities
- Chapter 13. Records [Go to Page]
- 13.1 General Considerations
- 13.2 Field Records [Go to Page]
- 13.2.1 Grout Hole Drilling Logs
- 13.2.3 Pressure Testing and Grouting Logs
- 13.2.4 Daily Grouting Reports
- 13.2.5 Field Testing Reports
- 13.3 Office Records [Go to Page]
- 13.3.1 Progress Records
- 13.3.2 Data Tabulations
- 13.3.3 Plan Drawings
- 13.3.4 Profile Drawings
- 13.3.5 Other Records
- 13.4 Progress Reports
- Chapter 14. Quality Assurance, Quality Control, and Verification [Go to Page]
- 14.1 The Review Process
- 14.2 Closure Criteria [Go to Page]
- 14.2.1 Permeability Criteria
- 14.2.2 Grout Take Criteria
- 14.2.3 Geologic Criteria
- 14.2.4 Observational Criteria
- 14.3 Statistical Evaluation Procedures [Go to Page]
- 14.3.1 Reduction Ratios
- 14.3.2 Mean Value Bar Graphs
- 14.3.3 Frequency Distribution Histograms
- 14.3.4 Summation Curves
- 14.3.5 Permeability Profiles
- 14.4 Detailed Evaluation
- 14.5 Verification Holes
- 14.6 Quality Control Testing of Grouts
- 14.7 The Final Test
- Chapter 15. Some Considerations for Remedial Grouting [Go to Page]
- 15.1 Outlook for Future Remedial Needs
- 15.2 A Problem Appears
- 15.3 The Search for Causative Factors [Go to Page]
- 15.3.1 Geologic Factors
- 15.3.2 Dissolution of Grout Curtain
- 15.3.3 Inappropriate Grouting Materials and Formulations
- 15.3.4 Design Factors
- 15.3.5 Inappropriate Drilling Procedures
- 15.3.6 Inadequate Grouting Equipment
- 15.3.7 Adverse Climatic Conditions
- 15.3.8 Inadequate Closure of Curtain
- 15.3.9 Inadequate Injection Pressure
- 15.3.10 Inadequate Quality Assurance and Verification Procedures
- 15.3.11 Lack of Connection to the Structure
- 15.3.12 Failure of Calculated Risk
- 15.3.13 Economic Factors
- 15.4 Some Examples of Causative Factors
- 15.5 Basic Considerations for Remedial Grouting
- 15.6 Factors Impeding Remedial Grouting
- 15.7 Basic Principles for Remedial Grouting [Go to Page]
- 15.7.1 Reduce the Reservoir Head if Feasible
- 15.7.2 Select Appropriate Grouting Materials
- 15.7.3 Intersect the Voids and Other Openings
- 15.7.4 Use Correct and Appropriate Grout-Delivery Systems
- 15.7.5 Monitor the Injection Data
- 15.7.6 Monitor Seepage, Drains, Piezometers, and Wells
- 15.7.7 Modify the Program as Appropriate
- 15.7.8 Verify the Results of the Completed Remedial Work
- 15.8 Remedial Grouting Options [Go to Page]
- 15.8.1 Targeted Supplementary Grouting
- 15.8.2 Curtain Regrouting
- 15.8.3 New Upstream Curtain
- 15.8.4 Partial Demolition and Reconstruction of the Dam
- 15.8.5 Illustrative Case Histories
- 15.9 Some Considerations for Bid Procurement and Contract Administration
- Chapter 16. Specifications and Contracts [Go to Page]
- 16.1 General and Historical Perspective
- 16.2 Types of Specifications and Contracts
- 16.3 Items To Be Addressed in Specifications
- 16.4 The Qualifications and Prequalification of Bidders
- 16.5 The Need for Flexibility and a Partnering Mentality
- 16.6 The Advisability of Independent Technical Review
- References
- Index [Go to Page]
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- Y
- Z
- About the Authors [Go to Page]